Things Fall Apart Christianity vs. Animism - 1871 Words

Christianity vs. Animism A major aspect of one’s society is religion. Without it, the way people hold themselves accountable would be nonexistent. In addition, many moral standards that exist today are values taken directly from religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Currently, there exists a feud between people who believe in a god, and of those who do not. Eventually those who believe in a higher power will fight against each other. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart†, Chinua Achebe brings to light the differences and similarities of Christianity and Animism in order to demonstrate the effects of religion upon one’s society, which is exemplified by Okonkwo and his people. This is noticed in the lives of the Ibo, the missionaries, and†¦show more content†¦Throughout the novel, the egwugwu are mentioned on several occasions. These â€Å"spirits† are really just masked men of the clan, but instead of them being seen as just symbolic figures, they are believed to be ac tual spirits of their past ancestors, â€Å"The egwugwu house was now a pandemonium of quavering voices: Aru oyim de de de dei! Filled the air as the spirits of the ancestors, just emerged from the earth, greeted themselves in their esoteric language† (88). These men or â€Å"spirits† are seen throughout various rituals in the book, but their true effect upon the Ibo is not fully seen until a court proceeding at which the egwugwu decide a man’s punishment for breaking a law (87 – 94). In most, if not all, predominantly Christian countries, the citizens have some sort of judiciary system where he or she is punished for their crimes. The Ibo would not be any different if it were not for the reason that the jurors are believed to be the spirits of dead ancestors but in actuality are just men. This practice allows the select few egwugwu to judge their peers as if they themselves were gods. Not only does the judiciary process differ between the two religions, but as does the judgment of one’s actions that effect their spiritual lives. The Ibo believe that one man’s transgression has the potential to cause punishment towards the entire clan. This fear is observed when Okonkwo beats his wife during the Week of Peace, and he is commanded to make a sacrifice to AniShow MoreRelatedEssay on Christianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall Apart1863 Words   |  8 PagesChristianity vs. Animism in Achebes Things Fall Apart A major aspect of one’s society is religion. Without it, the way people hold themselves accountable would be nonexistent. In addition, many moral standards that exist today are values taken directly from religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Currently, there exists a feud between people who believe in a god, and of those who do not. Eventually those who believe in a higher power will fight against each other. In â€Å"Things FallRead MoreCulture And Religion : What Is Religion?1758 Words   |  8 Pagesculture in which they assimilate, which sometimes reinforces their religious preference. Most times with minimal proof and fact to substantiate the ideologies and beliefs that are held to be the most correct and realistic. Unfortunately, there is a thing that we call science and although it is a soft science and very similar to theology and understanding of one’s environment and interpretation of reality, the substance in which it is based is tangible thro ugh data and experimentation to substantiate

Leadership in Our World Today - 1581 Words

The leadership paradox What is leadership? In the famous US Supreme Court ruling Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), Justice Potter Stewart attempted to categorize the obvious despite of the lack of clearly defined parameters. Although the case involved another issue, the good Justice’s response â€Å"I know it when I see it† is often the knee-jerk response when one is confronted with this question. In the simplest of terms, our experiences tell us that leaders run things, control situations, command troops, direct activities, manage resources, head committees, and are in-charge. They provide guidance, pilot projects, conduct business, show the way, and are out front. It turns out, however, that these are, more-or-less, managerial functions. The leader has always been that person who, by virtue of an appointment to his/her position by frankly, some other leader, is generally seen as having positional power based simply on their designation to, and respect fo r, the office they hold. The term leadership has become a generic term used to describe that ubiquitous group of employees within an organization who, by virtue of their appointment, are the designated leaders within the organization. Within an organization, one often hears something along these lines: â€Å"The company leadership team is having their meeting at 1:30pm†. The aforementioned activities, however, account for what a leader does, not what a leader is. A review of the literature revealed endlessShow MoreRelatedLdr-324 Application Paper 1580 Words   |  3 Pagesof his or her leadership at a former point in time is important to an understanding of leadership today. Note: This activity will require that you read about the leader in additional sources. Be sure to properly document any additional sources you use. In selecting a leader within the first module, I chose the person who I knew of, yet I knew very little about in Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR). In our readings, and through further research it is clear that through his leadership, FDRs legacyRead MoreJohn B. Watson : An American Behavioral Psychologist1373 Words   |  6 PagesJohn B. Watson, an American behavioral psychologist, famously wrote: â€Å"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors† (1930, p. 104). It is an extreme point of view in the natureRead MoreThe Qualities Of A Leader979 Words   |  4 Pagesyourself,† said Joel Barker. Where would we be today in history, business, and life if not for the leaders we have followed to get here? Leaders are everywhere; they are running our country, leading our work department, and leading our class lines. 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There are many women who have jobs in today’sRead MoreThe Core Essence Of Servant Leadership From A Biblical Perspective1605 Words   |  7 Pageschallenges, in becoming an effective leader in ministry and our society today. Therefore, this research paper will attempt to articulate the core essence of ‘Servant Leadership’ from a Biblical perspective, which might be able to provide practical, theological, and hermeneutical insights in order to develop leadership competency and a healthy prosperous ministry, as oppose to the current secular †˜leadership’ myths and fascination in our church, culture and society. Admittedly, over the years I haveRead MoreMoral Leadership : A Moral Leader906 Words   |  4 PagesMoral leadership Leaders are well-defined as somebody who leads a peoples, a person who guides peoples towards certain goals. Yet, Leaders are not always just about leading somebody. 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Today we live in such a diverse environment, which means we are surrounded by a lot of different culture, ethnicity, and religion. To become aRead MoreSummary : Walter Disney s Art And The Path Of Careers Were All Changed By A Single Man941 Words   |  4 PagesTJay Mr. Potter English 10 World Lit II 15 December 2014 Walter Disney Today s art and the path to careers were all changed by a single man. Because Walter Disney created the first anthropomorphic characters, taught people to keep on moving forward, and to follow your dreams, he was a great leader to change the world of art and to improve the world of dreams. Walter Disney created the first anthropomorphic characters, which changed the art to what we know today. He did that by making the new generation

Macbeth analysis Free Essays

From the examples provided, it is clear that Macbeth is more masculine than women, however, he is constantly controlled by them. By representing the idea of masculinity as radically, Shakespeare is able to show the strengths and limitations of a patriarchal society. Initially in the play, Shakespeare introduces the idea of masculinity by creating a strong link between the concepts Of masculinity and cruelty. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the beginning, the idea of masculinity is related to endless aggression and ruthlessness. When Lady Macbeth plans to murder the king of Scotland, she encourages herself by saying: Come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsexes me here And fill me from the crown to the toe topsoil Of direst cruelty†¦ (I. V. 39-42) This quote reveals that Lady Macbeth is driven by her ambition and is willing change her gender in order to gain courage to murder the king, showing that the Jacobean audience viewed males as the only gender that is capable of performing evil acts and being physically strong. By using metaphorical language such as â€Å"unsexes†, Shakespeare shows the clear link between masculinity and cruelty, implying that the two ideas are connected and resemble each other. As the story progresses, Macbeth and Lady Machete’s traditional understanding of masculinity eventually leads to political chaos. In edition, Lady Machete’s sinful wish to ‘fill me from the crown to the toe topsoil of direst cruelty’ opposes the characteristics of a typical â€Å"gentle† and â€Å"obedient† wife of the Jacobean era. By using figurative language such as â€Å"crown†, Shakespeare illustrates a sense of royalty, which shows Lady Machete’s strong aspiration to become queen. Through showing Lady Machete’s inner desires, the author is able to challenge conventional ideas and convey that female characters are also able to become the source of evil. Overall, the ideas of masculinity and cruelty are strongly connected in the ginning of the book, and by adding â€Å"masculine† traits to a female character, Shakespeare is able to challenge the conventional ideas of gender roles in a society. Unrestrained masculinity Will lead to chaos and disorder in the society. As the story progresses, Macbeth constantly desires to prove his manliness. His craving for violence intensifies as he heartlessly murders Banquet and Macadam’s family. Undoubtedly, Macbeth, the man that â€Å"none of woman born/ Shall harm†¦ † (IV. I. 79;80), is the standard example of the initial de finition of masculinity, a man who ruthlessly murders without guilt. Similar to the itches’ prophecies, femininity no longer influences him. How to cite Macbeth analysis, Papers

What You Eat Is Your Business Essay Example For Students

What You Eat Is Your Business Essay Food as a global issue Topics on health care are becoming more and more popular, as people need to take care of themselves as good as possible. You are what you eat, and your health condition depends on your nutrition. People should be more responsible for the actions they do with their body. Observations show the dependence of the occurrence of ulcers, tumors, other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and other systems of the body on the quality of food and insufficiency of vitamin complexes in it. At the same time, there are examples and reverse dependence, while paying attention to the quality of food, the level of the disease population will significantly reduce. It’s simply impossible to maintain the perfect balance of nutrients every day. Dont blame the eater, as the fastest way for making the right choices is to spend a little time each day in order to listen to responsible people, to assess the condition of your skin and your physical and emotional status. What you eat is your business The problem of obesity among adults and children is becoming acute in many countries. Food manufacturers are an obstacle in the struggle for a healthy lifestyle against obesity. People with obesity usually have children with the same problem. Obesity can also have genetic causes, but most children simply take on the bad eating habits of their parents at home or from friends. The problem of obesity of people, as well as health care, personal attitude toward food and the government actions toward it, were the main points of an argumentative essay. The author is American journalist, author of criminal justice, anti-drug and civil liberties in the Washington Post. In what you eat is your business he highlights that government has to depict the situation from the various corners. He suggests the government take charge of regulating the prices of products that provoke obesity and, instead, make available so-called healthy products. Balko argues that the government spending more money on anti-obesity measures is the wrong way to fix the obesity epidemic. He claims that people should be more responsible for their personal health and choices.  It goes without saying that we are the main coordinators of our health and the way of life we lead. So, there is no organization that can make corrections into our lifestyle. Of course, we come across various food temptations, but we have to remember that our face is the mirror of the stomach. So, make the right conclusions. On the other hand, there are opponents of such innovations. They believe that the government will not dictate to people who they are and new gifts will not make problems. The food we consume is absorbed by the walls of the stomach and intestines, after this, it enters the blood, with which it begins to circulate throughout the body. The skin renewal cycle is 28 days; other organs and tissues have their own specific renewal cycle. This is a very difficult cycle. Do you know such rule that the products you ate some days later will appear on your skin the next day. Balko is sure that your personal body consists of what you eat and only you, but not the government, is responsible for the condition of your health. The government can’t save the nation from obesity; the person himself or herself should be responsible for her or his actions. If people want to drink cola with pizza without paying attention to the consequences, so do that. Why should the government take care of it? .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe , .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .postImageUrl , .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe , .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:hover , .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:visited , .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:active { border:0!important; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:active , .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u62f4d18ea0d629f00c8060c77b092dfe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Medical Statement Of Purpose EssayEnjoy different foods Paying attention to what was said before, we are almost sure that many people would agree with the essay â€Å"What you eat is your business† by Balko. Keeping this in mind, we would like to warn you against extremes. Nutrition is an important thing, but, for example, if you find out that apples are good for health, does this mean that it is worth eating only apples? Each nutrient has its effect on the body. So even if you limit your diet to only those products that are certainly beneficial to the body and skin, it will be difficult to achieve a direct effect. After all, to exert a beneficial effect on the body and skin, your food must contain a very wide range of vitamins and minerals. Therefore, remembering that every swallowed piece becomes a part of you, do not refuse the food that gives you pleasure of course, within reasonable limits. People should be more responsible for what they eat and take care of themselves. People should remember that at a time when the ecological state of the environment desires to be better when the food is not of the best quality, it is desirable to maintain a healthy lifestyle and engage in physical education and sports.

Medical coverage for smoking related diseases

In the work place, some issues have been arising with the questions about whether the non-smoking employees should pay same medical insurance premium with the smoking employee.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical coverage for smoking related diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The argument is that smoking employees should pay a premium to cover their smoking related treatment. This issue has been a point of concern since the 1980s and has remained to be an issue to date. The reasoning from the either side involve economic arguments which a complex and maybe hard to comprehend. However, one of the most oblivious reasons is that it is a deterrent to this behavior, which is harmful to the life of the smoker. The main aim of this paper is to examine the real situation, analyze the fact and propose a reason concerning the matter based on the available facts and opinions. Breadth of the issue One of the most important points to note under this is that this is not an issue of smokers and non-smokers. By extension, it involves everyone who undertakes a life endangering activity knowingly. Therefore, the implication made by the proponents that this is an important step towards eliminating smoking reflects a shortsighted argument. It is oblivious that, if this was to be passed as rule, the soon or later people who engage in dangerous sporting activities will have to pay for their medical coverage in case of injury (Khalid 32; Garfield 16). Furthermore, it will also imply that people who attempt suicide also will have to pay for their medical and rehabilitation fees. This is not yet all the implication of this argument but its gravity is from this point clearer.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though proponents may ask why smokers continue to smoke yet they know the harmful effects of tobacco, it is not always healthy to lay all the blame on their shoulders. This has an implication also on the performance of the public health ministry. It is the mandate of this ministry to conduct public awareness programs and to educate the public on the dangers of some behaviors (Hayry and Hayry 34). Continued smoking by the public is a measure on how this ministry has been performing. This means that, in as much as smokers continue to smoke despite the dangers of smoking, it is the responsibility of the government to educate them about smoking, in which it has failed terribly. Ethical and legal issues One of the most popular arguments among the proponents of this topic is that there is a moral obligation between the doctor and the patient is to promote health- something valued by both parties, and therefore, such a relationship should attract allegiance from both parties otherwise, either party can withdraw from the relationship. First, the assumption that patients place t he same value on health as doctors is vague. Given their profession and training, doctors place highest value on health than anybody else in the society. On the other hand, other people value other thing like money and pleasure than health (Underwood and Bailey 54). From this point of view, the argument that most people see doctors to avoid suffering rather than be healthy is valid. Since the value placed by both parties on health is questionable, then the moral obligation based on this measure is questionable too. A keen analysis reveals that, due to the conflicting values between doctors and patients, the issue of who should receive treatment should lie in the hands of the state and not the doctors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical coverage for smoking related diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The questions hear is whether a person’s behavior will cause them to lose their rightful access to equal medical care. In as much as the state give rights and takes them under certain circumstance, it is important to note that fundamental rights are involved in this case- the right to life (Goodin 58). In other parts of the law, there are basic provisions by the law for people who have committed a criminal offence like fair trial. In medical practice, health is a basic right that regardless of the behavior of the patient and therefore health care services are basic provisions in this regard. Another ethical issue is the fact that one person in their behavior should not endanger the lives of others and where possible, appropriate legislation is necessary. Smokers may endanger lives of others as they may spend many medical resources with their operations at the expense of other patients (Mamode 14). The question is should the doctors use discretion to maximize the well-being of the greater group as opposed to one patient? However, any national health system should acknowledge th at unlike the utilitarian belief that individual rights are forfeitable for the benefit of a bigger group, the financial risks of bad health should be borne by the society as a whole. This would therefore discourage such a sacrifice. Economic reasoning Any nationalized health system seeks to eliminate the disparity between the poor and the rich. If smokers were to pay for their smoking-related medical bills, the rich will pay but the poor will die. However, this will mean more than just that. The drinkers will pay for their bills, reckless drivers and such like (Hayry and Hayry 36). This is a rational utilitarian thought though not well calculated. This will encourage more smoking because soon or later, everyone will die for one reason or another regardless of the person’s promptness in following the doctor’s advice. With regard to the medical expenditure to the society, there is evidence that, by comparing the medical costs to the society by smokers and non-smoker, th e difference may be insignificant.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, smokers save the government money by dying early. Research has shown that smoking causes a few problems during the productive years of a person’s life span. It results then that those people die even before they start benefiting from their pensions leaving the non-smoker to enjoy their contributions (Weinkam and Rosenbaum 28). Therefore, government should not forget the financial benefits the tobacco industry brings to them. Another point that proponents seem oblivious of is the other habits that smokers would engage in supposing smoking did not exist and the cost of such behaviors to the state (Hayry and Hayry 34). Therefore, it turns out that denying smokers their medical care on basis of cost to state would extinguish individual rights and if such were on utility basis, then it would encourage smoking. Conclusion Despite the long time that this topic has been out debate, the two sides have not yet come to terms on what is the best practice concerning this issue. O vertime, the reaction to this is that the government tries to change the rules after the game has become. The proponents in this issue have continuously presented half-baked propositional which have failed to provide reasonable grounds for the enactment of regulations regarding the treatment of smokers. Therefore, the resole to date remains holding any restrictions to the issue. Works Cited Garfield, John. â€Å"Let the health authority take the responsibility.† British medical  Journal. 306 (1993): 1050. Web. Goodin, Roner. â€Å"The ethics of smoking.† Ethics. 99 (1989): 574-624. Web. Hayry, Heta and Matti Hayry. â€Å"Utilitarianism, human rights and the redistribution of health through preventative medical measures.† Journal of applied philosophy. 6, 1(1989): 43-51. Print. Khalid, Mohamed. â€Å"Denying treatment is indefensible.†British medical journal. 306 (1993):1408. Web. Mamode, Neal. â€Å"Denying access is more costly.† British medical journal. 306 (1993): 1408. Web. Underwood, Michael and John Bailey. â€Å"Should smokers be offered coronary bypass surgery?† British medical journal. 306 (1993):1047-1050. Web. Weinkam, James and Wilf Rosenbaum. â€Å"Smoking and hospital utilization.† Social  science and medicine. 24 (1987): 983-986. Web. This essay on Medical coverage for smoking related diseases was written and submitted by user Eliza Hogan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Medical coverage for smoking related diseases Table of Contents Breadth of the issue Ethical and legal issues Economic reasoning Conclusion References In the work place, some issues have been arising with the questions about whether the non-smoking employees should pay same medical insurance premium with the smoking employees. The argument is that smoking employees should pay a premium to cover their smoking related treatment. This issue has been a point of concern since the 1980s and has remained up to date. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical coverage for smoking related diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reasoning from the either side involves economic arguments, which are complex and maybe hard to comprehend. However, one of the most oblivious reasons is that it is a deterrent to this behavior, which is harmful to the life of the smoker. The main aim of this paper is to examine the real situation, analyze the fact and propose a reason concerning the matter based on the available facts and opinions. Breadth of the issue One of the most important points to note under this is that this is not an issue of smokers and non-smokers. By extension, it involves everyone who undertakes a life endangering activity knowingly. Therefore, the implication made by the proponents is that this is an important step towards eliminating smoking reflects a shortsighted argument. If this was to become a rule, eventually the people who engage in dangerous sporting activities will have to pay for their medical coverage in case of injury (Khalid, 1993; Garfield, 1993). Furthermore, it will also imply that people who attempt suicide also will have to pay for their medical and rehabilitation fees. This is not the entire implication of the argument. Even though proponents may ask why smokers continue to smoke yet they know the harmful effects of tobacco, it is not always healthy to lay all the blame on their shoulders. This has an implicati on also on the performance of the public health ministry. It is the mandate of this ministry to conduct public awareness programs and to educate the public on the dangers of some behaviors (Hayry, H. Hayry, M., 1989). Continued smoking by the public is a measure on how this ministry has been performing. This means that, in as much as smokers continue to smoke despite the dangers of smoking, it is the responsibility of the government to educate them about smoking, in which it has failed terribly. Ethical and legal issues One of the most popular arguments among the proponents of this topic is that there is a moral obligation between the doctor and the patient is to promote health- something valued by both parties, and therefore, such a relationship should attract allegiance from both parties otherwise, either party can withdraw from the relationship. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore First, the assumption that patients place the same value on health as doctors is vague. Given their profession and training, doctors place highest value on health than anybody else in the society. On the other hand, other people value other things like money and pleasure than health (Underwood Bailey 1993). From this point of view, the argument that most people see doctors to avoid suffering rather than be healthy is valid. Since the value placed by both parties on health is questionable, then the moral obligation based on this measure is questionable too. A keen analysis reveals that, due to the conflicting values between doctors and patients, the issue of who should receive treatment should lie in the hands of the state and not the doctors. The questions hear is whether a person’s behavior will cause them to lose their rightful access to equal medical care. In as much as the state give rights and takes them under certain circumstances, it is important to note that f undamental rights are involved in this case- the right to life (Goodin, 1989, p. 26). In other parts of the law, there are basic provisions by the law for people who have committed a criminal offence like fair trial. In medical practice, health can be regarded as a basic right that regardless of the behavior of the patient, health care should be provided as a basic provision. Another ethical issue is the fact that one person in their behavior should not endanger the lives of others and where possible, this should be enforced by law. Smokers may endanger lives of others as they may spend many medical resources with their operations at the expense of other patients (Mamode, 1993, p. 14). The question is should the doctors use discretion to maximize the well-being of the greater group as opposed to one patient? However, any national health system should acknowledge that unlike the utilitarian belief that individual rights can be sacrificed for the benefit of a bigger group, the financ ial risks of bad health should be borne by the society as a whole. This would therefore discourage such a sacrifice. Economic reasoning Any nationalized health system seeks to eliminate the disparity between the poor and the rich. If smokers were to pay for their smoking-related medical bills, the rich will pay but the poor will die. However, this will mean more than just that. The drunkards will pay for their bills, reckless drivers and such like (Hayry, H. Hayry, M., 1989). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Medical coverage for smoking related diseases specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is a rational utilitarian thought though not well calculated. This will encourage more smoking because eventually everyone will die for one reason or another regardless of the person’s promptness in following the doctor’s advice. With regard to the medical expenditure to the society, there is evidence that, by comparing the medical costs to the society caused by smokers and non-smokers, the difference may be insignificant. In fact, smokers save the government money by dying early. Research has shown that smoking causes a few problems during the productive years of a person’s life span. It results then that those people die even before they start benefiting from their pensions leaving the non-smoker to enjoy their contributions (Weinkam Rosenbaum, 1987). Therefore, government should not forget the financial benefits the tobacco industry brings to them. Another point that proponents seem oblivious of is the other habits that smokers would engage in supposing smoking did not exist and the cost of such behaviors to the state (Hayry, H. Hayry, M., 1989). Therefore, it turns out that denying smokers medical care on basis of their medical cost to state would extinguish individual rights and if such is based on utility, then it would encourage smoking. Conclusion Despite the long time t hat this topic has been debated on, the two sides have not yet come to terms on what should be done concerning the issue. Overtime, the reaction to this is that the government tries to change the rules after the game has started. The proponents in this issue have continuously presented half-baked propositions, which have failed to provide reasonable grounds for the enactment of regulations regarding the treatment of smokers. Therefore, the resole to date remains holding any restrictions to the issue. References Garfield, J., (1993). Let the health authority take the responsibility. British medical Journal, 306, 1050. Goodin, R. E., (1989). The ethics of smoking. Ethics, 99,574-624.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hayry, H., Hayry, M., (1989). Utilitarianism, human rights and the redistribution of health through preventative medical measures. Journal of applied philosophy, 6(1), 43-51. Khalid, M. I., (1993). Denying treatment is indefensible. British medical journal, 306, (1408), 32-35. Mamode, N., (1993). Denying access is more costly. British medical journal. 306(1408), 36-45. Underwood, M. J., Bailey, J. S., (1993). Should smokers be offered coronary bypass surgery? British medical journal. 306, 1047-1050. Weinkam, J. J., Rosenbaum, W. S., (1987). Smoking and hospital utilization. Social science and medicine, 24, 983-986. This essay on Medical coverage for smoking related diseases was written and submitted by user Christine Berry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Air Force Training Program Essays

Air Force Training Program Essays Air Force Training Program Essay Air Force Training Program Essay An Air Force introductory course in electronics uses a personalized system of instruction whereby each student views a videotaped lecture and then is given a programmed instruction text. The students work with the text until they have completed the training and passed the test. The pace at which the students complete the course varies and the faster students wait until the others complete before the entire group proceeds further. An alternative system, whereby students viewed the same video-taped lecture and then guided by computer-assisted instruction in place of the programmed text, was proposed. It is the goal of the institute to analyze and compare the efficiencies of both the methods and then to determine the most efficient method of training. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the method that had better pace and consistency of completion. From the analysis, it was concluded that the computer-assisted method enabled more students to complete the course together than before but not sooner on an average. Additional data and a more effective method of testing is required in order to predict more accurately the efficient method that can be used as the training program in the future. CASE BACKGROUND An Air Force training institute had conducted a study in order to evaluate efficiency of their proposed computer-assisted training method for the introductory course in electronics. To compare the proposed and the current methods of instruction, an entering class of 122 students was assigned randomly to one of the two groups of 61 students each using either of the methods. The completion time in hours was taken for each student in the study. The objective is to find the difference in the population means of the two training methods; to identify the most effective method of instruction and to make a final decision on the training program to be used in the future. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS As an alternative to the current training method, a new computer-assisted method was proposed. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method, a class of 122 students was assigned randomly to one of the training methods therefore forming two groups of 61 each. The course completion time taken (in hours) by the students, of both the groups were collected. Descriptive summaries for the completion times of both the methods were obtained using MS Excel tool and the measures of central tendency and variability were hence found so that the data could be understood better. This study involves two populations: a population of students using the current training method and a population of students using the proposed computer-assisted training method. In terms of time required to complete the training program, the population means are as follows:  µ1 = the mean course completion time for students using the current training method  µ2 = the mean course completion time for students using the proposed computer-assisted training method The institute hopes to show that the computer-assisted training method will provide a shorter mean course completion time and that the entire group proceeds together with other aspects for the training. Thus, evidence to conclude that  µ2 is less than  µ1; in this case, the difference between the two population means,  µ1  µ2, will be greater than zero. The research hypothesis  µ1  µ2 gt;0 is stated as the alternative hypothesis. Thus, the hypothesis test becomes H0: The computer-assisted training method does not provide smaller population mean course completion time than the current method i. e. ,  µ1  µ2 ? 0 H1: The computer-assisted training method provides smaller population mean course completion time than the current method i. e. ,  µ1  µ2 gt; 0 The level of significance is taken as 5%. The test statistic‘t’ was performed for this case using the paired t-test analysis tool in MS Excel, with hypothesized mean difference as zero and assuming equal variances. The calculated value and critical value, with ? =0. 05, of the test statistic were found and the rejection rule for the right-sided test (reject H0 if zcal gt; z? ) was used to decide about the validity of the null hypothesis. RESULTS AND FINDINGS The measures of central tendency and variability of the completion time taken by the students who used the two methods were determined. The sample means of course completion time for the current and computer-assisted training method were found to be 75. 066 hours and 75. 426 hours respectively. The sample mean completion time for the proposed method was found to be 21. mins more than that for the current method, which shows that the students on an average have slightly taken more time than earlier. The sample standard deviations for the same were determined as 3. 945 and 2. 506, and the co-efficients of variance were 5. 3% and 3. 3%. The pace of completion is seen to be more consistent and less varying for the entire group using the compute r-assisted method. Also, the maximum time taken for this group is lesser than that taken for the current method. According to the rejection rule for the right-sided test, reject H0 if zcal gt; z?. From the hypothesis testing, it was found that the critical value of the test statistic was 1. 658 and the calculated value was -0. 603. Therefore the decision taken is: Do not reject H0, as there is no enough evidence the computer-assisted training method provides smaller population mean course completion time. As the null hypothesis cannot be rejected there is a possibility for the two population means to be equal. CONCLUSION The alternative system of computer–assisted instruction was proposed in order to improve the pace of the course completion by all the students of the program. Using the current programmed instruction text method, the fast students had to wait until the slow students completed the introductory course before the entire group proceeds together with other aspects of training. This gap in the course completion is expected to be rectified by the new computer-assisted method and also to improve the pace of the learning. The hypothesis testing has shown that there is not enough evidence that the computer-assisted training method provides smaller population mean course completion time i. . for the all the students in the program. Therefore, the new method can be helpful for the whole set of students to complete the course more or less together but may not quicken the completion process. More data is required in order to prove that the new method is more efficient in terms of quicker and more consistent pace of completion. The new method may be more effective with the students getting used to the system and hence the test must be performed again aft er a certain time gap for another course perhaps. Another considerable fact is that the two samples are independent, and so the performance level and the learning speed of the students in the two groups are different. This may have an effect on the pace of course completion and hence, it can be suggested that the test be done with the same set of students for both the methods. The introductory course test may be conducted in two phases: the first using the text method and the second with the computer-assisted method, so that the syllabus is different for each test. Additionally, the data of the performance levels and the learning speed of the students may be included and a multiple regression analysis be done in order to determine their influence on the course completion time taken by the students, therefore enabling to analyze the efficiency of the two methods. In this manner, matched samples of same students can be used to identify the most efficient method of training more accurately. REFERENCES: Ken Black. Business Statistics: Contemporary Decision Making, 3rd ed. Thomson Learning, 2001. Anderson, Sweeny and Williams. Statistics for Business and Economics, 9e. Cengage Learning, 2010.

ECommerce application for Computer Hardware Sale Essay

ECommerce application for Computer Hardware Sale - Essay Example It likewise details what prior investigations have proven and how the current research relates or differs from past efforts. Unanticipated consequences may also be indicated by previous research, whose one's own investigation can investigate (Cooper, 1998, p. 3). To understand where ASP fits into the big picture of Web development, it is necessary to understand the concept of a server-side scripting language. The regular, non-ASP Web pages works when the Web browser on the client computer (the computer belonging to the user) makes a request for a page, say file.html. Assuming the requested file exists on the Web host computer where the Web Server software can find it, that software replies to the request by sending the file back to the browser. Any additional files (images, for example) required to display the page are requested and received in the same way. The protocol used for this exchange, and indeed for all communication between Web browsers and Web servers is called Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (Liberty, Jesse. Hurwitz, Dan, 2005). This literature is important in the research since the details are able to present a scenario of how ASP is used. In addition to plain HTML code, small programs written in JavaScript can also be run by the web browser while the page is displayed in the browser. Therefore, the Web browser must understand not only how to read HTML and display text and images, but it must also be able to run JavaScript programs appearing inside Web pages. This arrangement, where the Web browser runs the script after receiving it from the Web server, is called client-side scripting (Edwards and Adams, 2006). The Web server is completely oblivious to whether the file it is sending contains a script or not; it is all up to the browser (the client) to handle execution of the script. ASP fits into a different category of technologies, called server-side scripting, where it is no longer the browser running on the client that is responsible for running the script. Instead, it is the Web server that runs the script. In this case, however, the filename ends with .asp (file. asp, for example), branding it as a file containing an ASP script that needs to be processed by the server. The server recognizes this, and instead of directly sending the requested file back to the browser, it sends the file to the ASP scripting engine. The engine is a component of the Web server software that can interpret ASP scripts and output the results as HTML. Just as when the page contained client-side JavaScript and the server was completely unaware of this fact, when the page contains server-side ASP script, the browser does not know this at all. The ASP code contained in the page is interpreted and converted to plain HTML by the ASP engine before the browser gets to see it; so as far a s the browser is concerned an ASP page looks just like any normal Web page. All the work is done on the server-side; thus the name, server-side scripting. (Murach and Boehm, 2006). Jones (1999, p. 368) states that one must make a means to create a table that can accept the rows from many remote databases if a task is given to write the local order-entry application and an ASP.NET page to accept the orders through a secured connection. Changing the data from the laptops is not allowed in this process. Jones views this as a tough problem