Oedipus Rex Life and Justice Essay

Everyone has a moment toward the end of their life where they can finally reflect back on their life as a whole, but that moment is not the most important. Throughout everyone’s life, we are all constantly searching for one common thing; Justice. In terms of justice, I’m referring to the search of finding out who you really are and what is your purpose. Oedipus Rex had a turn in his life which forced him to search for justice and find out who he really was. Oedipus Rex was a simple, yet noble man who had became a king. It wasn’t until years later that he would begin his search for justice that would ultimately change his life. Throughout the story, Oedipus searches for a murderer of a past king, but as the story unfolds, he starts to question himself. He begins to wonder who he really is due to lack of information about his very own life. Oedipus’s search for justice brings him an understanding of completeness and shame. Justice in Oedipus’s eyes means that he can understand where he came from and realize the truth. All of Oedipus’s life has been one big cover-up of his true identity. Oedipus’s life was cursed, starting out when he was just a little boy. As a man, Oedipus gains more knowledge and power and is able to uncover the deep and dark truth. In Oedipus’s search for justice, he learns who his true parents are, where he was born and what happened to him from being a boy to becoming a king. I could actually say that Oedipus’s search was successful, although it was horrific. During Oedipus’s life, he tried to live a life dedicated to his family and his people. He stood by his fellow Thebans and tried to always listen and do what’s in the best interest for them. However, living a life trying to do what’s right is never easy when you are destined to commit heinous crimes. Oedipus finds out during his search that he is the killer in which he is in search of. After learning of this news, Oedipus finally starts to see the big picture and learn about his identity as a whole. Oedipus learns that he was also the son of the king who he murdered, but couldn’t realize it due to being sent away as a little boy and left for dead. The news gets worse when he digs deeper and sees that he has in result married his mother and fathered children with her. Oedipus learns of these new discoveries and can realize the truth which he has been sheltered from his whole life. Sometimes the truth can be too much to bear, and justice comes with a price. Oedipus felt ashamed and horrible about just now finding out his true identity and how his actions now are unmoral. Oedipus blinded himself and believed that his actions and crimes couldn’t have been justified any other way. His actions were a symbol of how he has been blind all his life, yet he had eyes; but now he is literally blind and can see the truth clearer than ever. Life is a search for Justice has been perfectly shown in Oedipus Rex. Oedipus was just an example of how many people can go their entire life without ever knowing the truth about their identity and living a big lie. Oedipus needed the help of many Thebans to accomplish his goal. I believe that everyone in life needs that connection between other people to figure out their past. No one can learn about themselves without the knowledge of older people who have been around to see you develop. In reference to Oedipus, he pulled together with a group of people and conducted his search for justice. Even though his search brought him tragic news and a complete change to his life, he now knows the truth about himself and his past.

Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

Yaroslav GromovIn present clip, the inquiry about sustainable usage of natural resources has become really of import all over the universe. Peoples start to recognize that nature can non supply more resources that it has, and that the natural resources consumed a batch. Therefore, there should be found a manner how to work out this peculiar job – energy crisis. Consequently, we should reply the inquiry if the widespread of renewable energy is as serious option to the usage of fossil fuels or non. There is no right reply to this inquiry, but if we decidedly want to state ‘yes ‘ or ‘no ‘ , it will be better to burdening up the pro at Contra. So allow us happen out the causes why renewable energy is a serious option to the fossil fuels. First of all, fossil fuels are non-renewable. Natural gas, coal and oil are the most common illustration of fossil fuels, and they are the three chief types of fuel that people largely use and depend on. Seitz ( 2008 ) states that ‘according to many analysts the universe would non run out of oil, but in a few decennaries deficits will go prevailing ‘. Harmonizing to the Energy Information Agency, about 93 % of the universe ‘s energy beginnings are fossil fuels, and renewable energy is merely approximately 7 % . ( 2, 2008 ) Besides firing fossil fuels creates C dioxide, which is the nursery gas that leads to planetary heating and earnestly amendss our planet. Second, renewable energy beginnings, such as hydropower energy, solar energy and weave energy are renewable, efficient and non-polluting or doing small pollution. They are simple: all you need is sunlight, running H2O and blowing air current. Last, spread outing the usage of renewable energy will hold a positive impact on employment, harmonizing to more than a twelve independent surveies analysing the impact of clean energy on the economic system. Greater trust on renewable energy would hold big, positive impacts on economic system, making important Numberss of new occupations, driving major capital investing, stabilising energy monetary values, and cut downing consumer costs. ( Flavin C. 2006, p.10 ) . By contrast, employment in the dodo fuel industries has been in steady diminution for decennaries, in big step due to turning mechanization of coal excavation and other procedures. ( Flavin C. 2006, p.10 ) . As these three types of renewable energy were mentioned allow us discourse them more specific. Hydropower energy is the most developed engineering for renewable energy. The chief potency that this type of energy has is that it can be used in multipurpose country. For illustration, benefits of hydropower are deluging control, irrigation and public H2O supplies. ( 6 ) Hydropower energy is normally generated signifier falling H2O, doing small pollution and it is a type of clean energy. Hydropower resources are normally divided into two chief classs. As it is mentioned, the first class is resources that require semisynthetic dike construction with high hydraulic caputs ; the 2nd 1 is a â€Å"run-of-river† system that require minimal dike construction and with low hydraulic caputs. ( 4, 2000, p.44-45 ). Similarly, World Bank ( 2004 ) believes that hydropower can play important function ‘in poorness decrease in developing states ‘ . In add-on, World Bank ( 2004 ) besides claims that ‘currently about 19 per centum of the universe ‘s electricity is produced from hydropower ‘ and that the nursery gas emanations ‘from most hydropower workss are comparatively low ‘ . It is besides of import to burden the facts about advantages and disadvantages of hydropower energy. On the one manus, hydropower is a clean energy beginning. It does non foul the air like fossil fuels do. ( 6 ) Hydropower plays a major function in cut downing nursery gas emanations. The maintain cost is comparatively low. It is renewable. The engineering is dependable and proven over clip. ( 7 ) . On the other manus, if H2O is non available, the hydropower workss will non bring forth electricity. ( 6 ) USGS ( 7 ) studies that hydropower energy is non perfect and has some disadvantages. For illustration, ‘high investing cost, flood of land and wildlife home ground, alterations in reservoir and watercourse H2O quality, supplanting of local populations ‘ . Solar energy is the 2nd type of renewable energy that was mentioned in this essay. Solar energy is the 2nd most common type of renewable energy. Basically solar energy is the energy of Sun. It helps us to last on our planet, it heats us, it makes 3s turn up, and, largely everything on our planet depends on solar energy. It is possible that ‘our current life can non go on if we remain economically dependent on fossil fuels ‘ , as Hermann ‘s ( 2004, p.4 ) claims, but as for me, we can non foretell the hereafter and we do non cognize what will go on tomorrow. So Hermann claims that something is improbable to happen./p & gt ; It is non so easy to speak about advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. Talking about advantages of solar energy it is necessary to advert some of them. First, solar cells can be used about any topographic point around the universe. Second, solar cells soundless and non-polluting. In add-on, they require small care and have log life-time. Finally, solar cells can be easy used in topographic points where there is no chief electricity. Now let us travel on to the disadvantages of solar energy. The chief and most of import disadvantage is initial cost. Last, solar cells are wholly depends on conditions, and can be used merely during daytime and sun hours. It is because the lone clip when cells can bring forth electricity. ( 9 ) The last and perchance most interesting type of renewable energy is wind energy. There is an interesting point about air current energy. Wind is a signifier of solar energy ; it is ‘caused by the warming of the ambiance by the Sun, the rotary motion of the Earth, and the Earth ‘s surface abnormalities ‘ ( 11 ) . Seitz ( 2008, 141 ) studies that wind as an energy beginning was by and large used for power every bit good as for the chilling houses, adding that air current energy beginning started to derive regard all around the universe. In recent old ages the widespread of air current energy has been highly rapid, but, for illustration, ‘despite that rapid growing, weave energy amounted to less than 1 % of U.S. electricity coevals ‘ ( 10, p.15 ) . But as any other type of energy air current energy besides has advantages and disadvantages. Harmonizing to the Committee on Environmental Impacts one of the advantages is that ‘wind energy has the possible to cut down environmental impacts, because it does non ensue in the coevals of atmospheric contaminations or thermic pollution ‘ ( 10, p.15 ) . Another good point about air current energy is that it is ‘one of lowest-priced renewable energy available today ‘ ( 11 ) . In decision there is a really serious inquiry if the widespread of renewable energy is as serious option to the usage of fossil fuels or non. Three chief types of renewable energy were considered. So there is a opportunity in the nearest hereafter that renewable energy beginnings will to the full displace fossil fuels. It may go on, but non really shortly and likely merely when there is nil to pull out or mine. Now both renewable and non-renewable energy will be used at the same time. Peoples are non ready yet to abandon fossil fuels, and are non ready for passing immense sum of money for renewable energy.Christopher Flavin. ( 2006, September ) . American Energy. The Renewable Way to Energy Security. Worldwatch Institute.Energy information disposal. Renewable Energy Consumption and Electricity Preliminary Statistics 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/renew_energy_consump/rea_prereport.htmlJohn L. Seitz. ( 2008 ) . Global issues: an debut. Blackw ell Printing Ltd.Committee on Programmatic Review of the U. S. Department of Energy ‘s Office of Power Technologies. ( 2000 ) . Renewable Power Pathways: A Review of the U. S. Department of Energy ‘s Renewable Energy Programs. National Academic Press.World Bank Staff. ( 2004 ) . Water Resources Sector Strategy: Strategic Directions for World Bank Engagement. World Bank Publications.U.S. Department Of Energy. Energy efficiency and renewable energy. Advantages and disadvantages of Hydropower. hypertext transfer protocol: //www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_ad.htmlUSGS ( U.S. Geological Survey ) . Water usage: hydro electronic power. hypertext transfer protocol: //ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wuhy.htmlScheer, Hermann. ( 2004 ) . Solar Economy: Renewable Energy for a Sustainable Global Future. Earthscan Publications Ltd.Bristol University. Advantages of solar energy. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2003/ledlie/advantages_of_solar_energy.htmCommitt ee on Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy Projects. National Research Council. ( 2007 ) . National Academies PressU.S. Department Of Energy. Energy efficiency and renewable energy. Advantages and disadvantages of Wind Energy. hypertext transfer protocol: //www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/wind_ad.html

Behaviour Management

This policy is supplemented by KIDS physical constraints and restraint policy and procedures. 2. General Positive behaviour management Policy 2. Philosophy KIDS believes that children flourish best when their personal, social and emotional needs are met and where there are clear developmentally appropriate expectation for their behaviour. KIDs aims to promote positive behaviour throughout its settings and to help the children understand and respect the needs and rights of others. 2. 2 Aims and guidelines These guidelines concern both the physical and emotional care of the child(ren) looked after. 1. All children have certain physical and emotional needs. The most obvious ones are warmth, comfort, adequate food and sleeping arrangements, cleanliness, exercise and rest as necessary. Some children with a disability may have additional physical needs, such as extra warmth, physical supports and equipment, special exercises or physiotherapy and medical requirements. 2. The emotional needs of all children include security, affection, consistent responses from those around them, a recognisable routine (e. g. at bedtime and mealtimes), exceptions which are appropriate for their stage of development, and opportunities for playing and having fun and approval. 3. We expect our staff to be aware of these physical and emotional needs and, with the help of parents and KIDS staff to meet them for every child s/he cares for. . All children need to have limits set when their behaviour is not acceptable. If children feel secure and understood, the incidents of disruptive behaviour are greatly reduced. Children rarely demonstrate inappropriate behaviour without good reason. It is the task of the worker to try and understand why a child is behaving in a particular way. 2. 3 Appro priate use of sanctions Any sanction used must be related to the child’s age and level of understanding, realistic and sensitive; enforceable, and applied consistently. It is preferable, if possible, that there is continuity in the setting of limits and how behaviour is managed between all those involved in the care of a child. 3. Positive behaviour management procedures †¢ Reasonable steps must be taken at all times to ensure a healthy and safe environment. Staff provide a role model for children, and the development of consistent attitudes to safety and good practice by staff should have a beneficial effect upon the children. †¢ Basic playground rules – drawn up in consultation with the children -help ensure the service operates smoothly. There should be a friendly, welcoming atmosphere that promotes respect between all children and Playworkers. †¢ There should be a wide range of culturally appropriate activities and images available to all the children. †¢ The team must be consistent in the methods they use, back each other up and support each other. Experiences should be shared and discussed at team meetings. †¢ S taff should challenge discriminatory comments (see KIDs anti bullying policy) and take positive action to overcome unacceptable behaviour. Strategies for dealing with this should be discussed with staff and, where appropriate, parents/carers. Staff should talk to children about their behaviour and consequences of negative behaviour. 4. Dealing with conflict 4. 1 Dealing with conflict: principles All playgrounds aim to develop a safe environment in which children are encouraged to express themselves freely, and which fosters the social and emotional development of the children who come to the site. Conflicts do arise at times, and incidents need to be handled sensitively and consistently. Conflicts can occur for various resons, including frustration, disruptive/uncooperative behaviour, lack of space, competition over equipment, bullying and teasing, and misunderstandings When conflicts do arise it is essential that: †¢ Actions are taken to calm the children down, and to allow them to express how they are feeling in a way that is safe to other children. †¢ A positive, calm approach is maintained, both physically and verbally. †¢ Negative behaviour is not rewarded. †¢ The response to a situation should take account of the child’s level of understanding/ability. Blame is not attributed to individuals in situations involving more than one child. The focus should always be on dealing with unacceptable behaviour, the children should never feel it is they who are unacceptable. 4. 2 Effective and appropriate sanctions The principles of effective sanctions are generally that they should: Be as informal as possible, and not escalate. Be as balanced by rewards Be as near in time as possible to the offence, be relevant and understood, and be seen to be just. Follow from clear rules and explanations from the worker as to what is expected of the child. The following are examples of what sanctions may be used: Reasonable defence of oneself from, or restraint of, a child who is lashing out. â€Å"Holding† firmly, but carefully, can be helpful to a younger child. If in the situation of any of these are likely to lead to injury, it is sensible not to use them, and to know what or may not be safe in relation to the child’s disability. Shouting or clapping your hands, for example, as a distraction to a toddler in a dangerous situation. Withdrawal of sweets or special food/ drink treats, or TV, for a limited period – the younger the child, the shorter the length of time this should continue. Sending a child to another room for a short period (but checking on them regularly whilst they are alone is sensible and shows you are still caring). Imposing closer supervision – keeping the child with you. Keep balancing the sanctions with rewards (especially praise) for good behaviour, so that the negative cycle does not take over. Keep a record of problems and sanctions so that you can refer to it to keep an account of the child’s progress and also for reasons of accountability is a complaint is made. It is sometimes necessary to physically retrain a child who is about to harm him/herself, others or property. For conditions and procedures applicable to physical restraint, please refer to KIDS Physical contact and restraint policy. All uses of physical restraint must be recorded. 4. 3 Examples of unacceptable sanctions The list below is intended as general guidance of sanctions that are unacceptable and is not inclusive. The omission of any particular practice does not imply that is it acceptable. Staff will have the opportunity to raise issues arising from their work, for discussion and clarification within supervision. Use corporal punishment e. g. lapping, hitting a child with an implement (for example, a belt or slipper), throwing a missile, shaking, rough handling, squeezing, pushing and punching/ Impose a punishment which ridicules a child e. g. clothes which draw attention to them inappropriately, clothes which are too small or too large, pyjamas during the day, humiliating a child deliberately in front of others. Deny a child food or drink, or the normal ranges/he expects. Coerce a child to eat what you know s/he does not like and is not normally expected to eat. Deliberately frighten, intimidate, threaten or belittle a child, or lock her/ him in e. . a cupboard, bedroom, or send them to bed unreasonably early. Restrict or withhold medication, which could be dangerous. Deprive a child of sleep. Involve the child in any physical contact, which is inappropriate in view of their history, which s/he might see as threatening or uncomfortable, or which exposes the worker or child to the arousal of sexual feelings. Review This policy will be reviewed annually and if necessary adjusted to: – incorporate any changes to legislation; – include any improvements that may have been identified. Most recent review: May 2008 Behaviour Management This policy is supplemented by KIDS physical constraints and restraint policy and procedures. 2. General Positive behaviour management Policy 2. Philosophy KIDS believes that children flourish best when their personal, social and emotional needs are met and where there are clear developmentally appropriate expectation for their behaviour. KIDs aims to promote positive behaviour throughout its settings and to help the children understand and respect the needs and rights of others. 2. 2 Aims and guidelines These guidelines concern both the physical and emotional care of the child(ren) looked after. 1. All children have certain physical and emotional needs. The most obvious ones are warmth, comfort, adequate food and sleeping arrangements, cleanliness, exercise and rest as necessary. Some children with a disability may have additional physical needs, such as extra warmth, physical supports and equipment, special exercises or physiotherapy and medical requirements. 2. The emotional needs of all children include security, affection, consistent responses from those around them, a recognisable routine (e. g. at bedtime and mealtimes), exceptions which are appropriate for their stage of development, and opportunities for playing and having fun and approval. 3. We expect our staff to be aware of these physical and emotional needs and, with the help of parents and KIDS staff to meet them for every child s/he cares for. . All children need to have limits set when their behaviour is not acceptable. If children feel secure and understood, the incidents of disruptive behaviour are greatly reduced. Children rarely demonstrate inappropriate behaviour without good reason. It is the task of the worker to try and understand why a child is behaving in a particular way. 2. 3 Appro priate use of sanctions Any sanction used must be related to the child’s age and level of understanding, realistic and sensitive; enforceable, and applied consistently. It is preferable, if possible, that there is continuity in the setting of limits and how behaviour is managed between all those involved in the care of a child. 3. Positive behaviour management procedures †¢ Reasonable steps must be taken at all times to ensure a healthy and safe environment. Staff provide a role model for children, and the development of consistent attitudes to safety and good practice by staff should have a beneficial effect upon the children. †¢ Basic playground rules – drawn up in consultation with the children -help ensure the service operates smoothly. There should be a friendly, welcoming atmosphere that promotes respect between all children and Playworkers. †¢ There should be a wide range of culturally appropriate activities and images available to all the children. †¢ The team must be consistent in the methods they use, back each other up and support each other. Experiences should be shared and discussed at team meetings. †¢ S taff should challenge discriminatory comments (see KIDs anti bullying policy) and take positive action to overcome unacceptable behaviour. Strategies for dealing with this should be discussed with staff and, where appropriate, parents/carers. Staff should talk to children about their behaviour and consequences of negative behaviour. 4. Dealing with conflict 4. 1 Dealing with conflict: principles All playgrounds aim to develop a safe environment in which children are encouraged to express themselves freely, and which fosters the social and emotional development of the children who come to the site. Conflicts do arise at times, and incidents need to be handled sensitively and consistently. Conflicts can occur for various resons, including frustration, disruptive/uncooperative behaviour, lack of space, competition over equipment, bullying and teasing, and misunderstandings When conflicts do arise it is essential that: †¢ Actions are taken to calm the children down, and to allow them to express how they are feeling in a way that is safe to other children. †¢ A positive, calm approach is maintained, both physically and verbally. †¢ Negative behaviour is not rewarded. †¢ The response to a situation should take account of the child’s level of understanding/ability. Blame is not attributed to individuals in situations involving more than one child. The focus should always be on dealing with unacceptable behaviour, the children should never feel it is they who are unacceptable. 4. 2 Effective and appropriate sanctions The principles of effective sanctions are generally that they should: Be as informal as possible, and not escalate. Be as balanced by rewards Be as near in time as possible to the offence, be relevant and understood, and be seen to be just. Follow from clear rules and explanations from the worker as to what is expected of the child. The following are examples of what sanctions may be used: Reasonable defence of oneself from, or restraint of, a child who is lashing out. â€Å"Holding† firmly, but carefully, can be helpful to a younger child. If in the situation of any of these are likely to lead to injury, it is sensible not to use them, and to know what or may not be safe in relation to the child’s disability. Shouting or clapping your hands, for example, as a distraction to a toddler in a dangerous situation. Withdrawal of sweets or special food/ drink treats, or TV, for a limited period – the younger the child, the shorter the length of time this should continue. Sending a child to another room for a short period (but checking on them regularly whilst they are alone is sensible and shows you are still caring). Imposing closer supervision – keeping the child with you. Keep balancing the sanctions with rewards (especially praise) for good behaviour, so that the negative cycle does not take over. Keep a record of problems and sanctions so that you can refer to it to keep an account of the child’s progress and also for reasons of accountability is a complaint is made. It is sometimes necessary to physically retrain a child who is about to harm him/herself, others or property. For conditions and procedures applicable to physical restraint, please refer to KIDS Physical contact and restraint policy. All uses of physical restraint must be recorded. 4. 3 Examples of unacceptable sanctions The list below is intended as general guidance of sanctions that are unacceptable and is not inclusive. The omission of any particular practice does not imply that is it acceptable. Staff will have the opportunity to raise issues arising from their work, for discussion and clarification within supervision. Use corporal punishment e. g. lapping, hitting a child with an implement (for example, a belt or slipper), throwing a missile, shaking, rough handling, squeezing, pushing and punching/ Impose a punishment which ridicules a child e. g. clothes which draw attention to them inappropriately, clothes which are too small or too large, pyjamas during the day, humiliating a child deliberately in front of others. Deny a child food or drink, or the normal ranges/he expects. Coerce a child to eat what you know s/he does not like and is not normally expected to eat. Deliberately frighten, intimidate, threaten or belittle a child, or lock her/ him in e. . a cupboard, bedroom, or send them to bed unreasonably early. Restrict or withhold medication, which could be dangerous. Deprive a child of sleep. Involve the child in any physical contact, which is inappropriate in view of their history, which s/he might see as threatening or uncomfortable, or which exposes the worker or child to the arousal of sexual feelings. Review This policy will be reviewed annually and if necessary adjusted to: – incorporate any changes to legislation; – include any improvements that may have been identified. Most recent review: May 2008

Business Marketing Report on Corus Group Plc Essay

Business Marketing Report on Corus Group Plc - Essay Example Corus traces its roots in October 1999 with the merger of Koninklijke Hoogovens N.V. and British Plc. The business organisation is one of the largest producers of steel and aluminum in the world. Its size and scope has made it a very important player in the global economy as it is a supplier to other companies in almost all industries (Corus Group 2006). Currently, Corus it is being acquired for $9 billion by Tata Steel, an Indian steel company (Yahoo finance 2006).Corus is subdivided into four strategic business units namely, strip products division, long products division, distribution and building system division, and aluminum division in order to facilitate the manufacture of its numerous products. The company classifies its products in seventeen broad product lines: 1. bar and billet which are classified steel types, hot rolled products, bright bar and services that relates to this product line; 2. construction products and services which ranges from structural steelworks, floor s, walls, roofs, modular, light framing, and other building components; 3. business services which relates to the industries where Corus is involved such as research and development, consulting, testing solutions, and transport and shipping;4. electrical steels comprised of grain oriented steel, nonoriented fully processed steel, and nonoriented semi processed steel and complemented with lamination and transformer products; 5. narrow strips which are specially tailored according to customer’s specifications;

Internship Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Internship Report - Essay Example Its vision also incorporates operations in a uniform and motivating atmosphere. Its mission identifies facilitating potentials among â€Å"trade and industry sector’s capacities† and sustaining other stakeholders’ interests through effective policymaking and development of strategies to empower resource utilization towards expansion of the nation’s economy (Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1). Objectives of the organization The organization has not outlined its explicit objectives, but its scope, vision, and mission statements as well as its core values imply a number of objectives. The mission statement identifies the organization’s goal of playing a leadership role in the nation’s trade and industries. Its mission statement is more diverse and communicates a number of objectives such as to promote abilities of trade and industry in the nation and to develop and enforce policies that are suitable for economic growth. The ministry’s c ore values, however, imply objectives such as to ensure honesty in the ministry’s undertakings, to ensure transparency in its dealings, and to promote creativity and mastery (Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1). Organizational structure The ministry is organized into geographical branches that undertake its roles and responsibilities across different regions of the nation. The branches, however, operate under consultations and directives from the ministry’s head office (Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1) Reward system Salary, allowances, and benefits Reward is an important concept in organization and influences productivity. The ministry factors in psychological effects of rewards and bases salaries, remuneration and allowances on the value for people, recognition for the efforts and achievements that the people attain in the ministry and the need for employees’ active participation in the ministry’s activities with the aim of fostering and improving i ts working environment. In order to ensure this perspective, the ministry has developed an attitude under the banner, ‘compensation, performance management, communication, and career advancement.’ The ministry’s value for its human resource is evident in its rewards rates that are comparably better than at other government agencies. Offered salaries in the ministry are also based on well-defined employees’ grades with specified salary ranges. Further, the ministry recognizes its employees’ performances through a rewards system that is based on an employee’s level of success and the employee’s grade. Grading The ministry has permanent and casual employees. It has a formal structure that grades permanent employees by their academic qualifications and their work experience. Salaries scale Employees’ job grades determine their salaries and other rewards. The salaries are further reviewed, annually, to ensure consistency with the mar ket demands and salaries that are offered by other agencies. Every department in the ministry, and with consultations from other departmental heads, undertakes the review. These reviews do not immediately affect each employee’s salary but offer a basis to determining possible changes. New recruits are, however, subjected to the running and approved payment scales though departmental heads, and human resource department can hire an employee at a higher rate than the employee’s scale. Another feature of the ministry salaries is an annual review that

Eleanor Roosevelt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eleanor Roosevelt - Essay Example During 40 years of public service Eleanor Roosevelt was able to change America's viewpoint on gender, race, and our integral part of a global society. To begin to understand Eleanor Roosevelt's contribution to America demands that we evaluate her commitment to Franklin Roosevelt and his desire for a more equal America. After serving a short stint with the American Red Cross and volunteer work in Navy hospitals during World War I, FDR was stricken with polio in 1921 ("Eleanor Roosevelt: First lady of the World" (1)). This propelled Eleanor into the life of politics, as she became a staunch supporter of FDR. It has often been said that she was the eyes and ears of FDR as she traveled the country and the world to report to FDR and offer her advice. These initial actions by Ms. Roosevelt laid the groundwork for one of the most influential figures in American history. One of the first, and certainly the most public, activities that Eleanor Roosevelt undertook was advocating for the poor in the face of Hoover's vision of America. She worked to get FDR elected and then changed her focus to the poor and minorities of America. She traveled the country insuring that the programs of the New Deal were being implemented fairly in regards to women and minorities. According to a recent article in Human Quest, a liberal Episcopalian publication, Ms. Roosevelt, "...gathered evidence and pressured the President to sign a series of Executive Orders to stop the discrimination in the New Deal projects. That was effective, and the share of blacks in New Deal work projects expanded" ("Eleanor Roosevelt, 'First Lady of the World'" (2)). This commitment to civil rights would be carried forward and later influence the desegregation of the armed forces under President Truman. Eleanor Roosevelt's political activism expanded to include women's rights and brought about the public's awareness that gender should be treated as a minority component. As a US Delegate to the United Nations she was instrumental in the writing and advocacy for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. The Declaration begins with article 1 stating, "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood" ("Universal Declaration of Human Rights"). Eleanor campaigned to have the wording of this important passage changed from "all men" to its current form ("Eleanor Roosevelt: The World's First Lady."(3)). This was one of the most influential documents regarding women's rights to date and was vital to securing the future of women's rights (Bunch 488). Eleanor was making her influence felt 60 years ago in the arena of women's rights on the international stage. Her pr ogressive thinking continues to reverberate through the vision where women are afforded equality in the workplace and within the law. Ms. Roosevelt's activities did not end with the most visible minority groups of race and gender but extended themselves to the area of the children most affected by the discrimination. In this area, Eleanor Roosevelt was instrumental in forming the African-American voting bloc as a key component of Democratic politics. Her support of the 'Black Cabinet' assured black politicians and administrators access to the president to push for favorable legislation that affected equal employment for women and blacks

Capital Budgetting of Caledonia Products Research Paper

Capital Budgetting of Caledonia Products - Research Paper Example A- Caledonia Products should focus on free cash flows for evaluation of the project investment as compare to accounting profit in capital budgeting decision. Free cash flows provide the real picture of the amount that would be available to company from the project as the results are arrived with incorporating elements of time and risks in evaluation. Accounting profits, on other hand, are more like figures on paper only and due to ignorance of mentioned factors. There is every opportunity that accounting profits of the project shows an investment profitable, but it might be possible that the investment might not yield any returns to the company. Another reason to focus on cash flow results than accounting profits is accounting profits include all expenditure and incomes be it result in cash in-flow or outflow. For instance, depreciation does not actually cause any cash out-flow but it is included in the accounting profits. However, cash flow accounts only consider those that affect t he movement in cash inwards or outwards. So, free cash flows should be used to evaluate any project. Since the report is evaluate new project and take decision to undergo or not, therefore, company should focus on incremental cash flows from the projects. There may be the case when overall company making positive cash flows whereas flow from the said project is otherwise. Incremental cash flows form the project provides marginal benefit firm can reap by taking this investment decisions. Same goes for the total and incremental profits. Incremental profits provide evaluation of benefit particular project will add to the firm’s value in addition to the total profits firm will be making. Therefore incremental profits should be used. B- DEPRECIATION EXPENSE AND FREECASH FLOW Depreciation is a non cash expense and although it is recorded in accounting statements as expense, but it does not actually incur any cash outflows (Gitman, 2003). However, overall project cash flow receives impact from depreciation expense over a period of projects life. Depreciation expense reduces the amount of tax accrued on company which is a cash flow item; therefore, it impacts cash flow positively. C- SUNK COST AND ITS IMPACT ON CASH FLOWS Corporate finance theory suggests that while making investment decisions using capital budgeting techniques no consideration should be given to the sunk cost as this cost has already been incurred (Khan, 1993) whether the project is conducted or not and therefore it has no relevancy to future incremental cash flows that determines the acceptance or rejection of cash flows. Only the concerned element is the after tax incremental cash flows as this is the amount which is available to the shareholder. Hence, evaluation of project using NPV and IRR shall ignore sunk cost item. D- INITIAL OUTLAY OF THE PORJECT Initial outlay of any project refers to amount of investment that will be required to undertake a project or the cost incurred for beginning the project. It includes basic plant and installation cost along with any shipping or transportation cost incurred to take plant to production point. It further includes any change working capital due to this project. Initial cost incurred for this project is: $ $8,100,000.00 which includes: Plant and equipment cost is $7,900,000 the installation and shipping cost is $100,000 increased working capital is $100,000 E- DIFFERENTIAL CASH FLOWS OVER THE PROJECT'S LIFE Differential cash flow refers to incremental after tax

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Journal - Essay Example Moreover I got to know how patient’s data is updated in the computers to make useful efficient records with respect to patients’ demographics. To me, it was crucial observation as I got to know how nurses work with patients and other staff to work for a common goal of achieving efficiency in health care. On the 19th, the morning at the clinic brought me the experience of working with the office manager. Objective was to sift the clinic staff, remove employees from records that have left the staff and update new names. The same session also marked ordering clinic and office supplies. This helped me learn how clinics are organized and how various tasks are managed. The last session for the week included a discussion with my preceptor regarding co-payments. We discussed on batching a process on documenting the copayments. This fruitful discussion also included how charge tickets or super bills, the bills that patients need if they have to reimburse their money when they have insurance (Flores, 1999). The discussion also included ways to send out these super-bills for insurance Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 27 Journal - Essay Example I’ve been disappearing ever since† (1). â€Å"Rose of Sharon is a big woman, about seven feet tall if you’re measuring overall effect and about five feet tall if you are only talking about the physical. She is a Yakama Indian of Wishran variety. Junior is a Colville†¦He’s got those big cheekbones that are like planets with little moons orbiting them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2). I’m talking about the Heaven where my legs are waiting for me†¦.my legs will probably run away from me when I get to heaven. And how will I ever catch them? You have to get your arms strong †¦.so that you can run on your hands† (7). â€Å"Lonesome for Indians†¦. Big Heart’s is an all-Indian bar. Nobody knows how or why Indians migrate to one bar and turn it into an official Indian bar. But Big Heart’s has been an Indian bar for twenty-three years† (9). This passage underpins the perception that Jackson had a more complicated and poorly understood way of life. Hence, the mistakes of his past continue to haunt him, and this passage exposes the sufferings he caused, and the anxieties this causes him to feel. He realizes how reckless he was, and the description of the â€Å"I didn’t break hearts into pieces overnight. I broke them slowly and carefully†, provides a concrete detail that allows the reader to come to the same realization. The syntax of this passage highlights the predicament of homelessness among Spokane Indians in Seattle. Their way of life is vanishing. In addition, the plainness and simplicity of the sentences forms a somber tone suitable for the plight it describes. The function of this humor is to break from the monotony and the lengthy conversations. Alexie has applied such humor, in order to create an element of surprise about Jackson grandmother character, and which is intertwined in expectations plus misdirection from the norm of the story. The intention is to make a memorable character. This passage is interesting, since Jackson is saying it, so as to

Literature Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literature Review - Assignment Example Although change is a never ending process, many organizations are faced with the challenge of developing a management style that will enable them to cope with the changes. This leads to us asking so many questions such as whether there is one best way of making changes in an organization to improve its production. And to answer such a question, we can say that there is no one best way of making changes in an organization that can lead to its sustainability. This is evident from the complexity of an organization. Many people of an organization are affected with this change and so we must consider them. Most scholars argue that there are various ways of making changes in any organization and also other area. There is one argument that change effort must focus on cultural change for sustainability. By first understanding, the nature of an organization and its cultures, change can be easily implemented. This is because nature of cultures tends to be rooted deeply in an organization and is not easy to discern them. Organizations here are considered as social system as the performance of the organization is considered to be made up by the way people, and structures interact. The article on this also says that by simply improving management systems or changing technologies are not the way to go about because culture of organization will not change. By transforming the norms and values related to the socioeconomic welfare and environment, successful change towards sustainability will be achieved. Managers and employees should change their perspective and begin to value new things an example is that of caring for the environment, the community and the employees. True change according to this argument is responsible for producing changed values and norms that result in choices about organizational aspects that are different from the previous status quo. It discourages the change of

Kant's Perpetual Peace Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kant's Perpetual Peace - Assignment Example Therefore, he advanced an honorable approach to similar address factors. In the current world, nations have formed international treaties to cease tensions and guide resource allocation (Kant, 2007). The treaties like the Nile Treaty guide the equitable sharing water resources in the African Nations thereby reducing resource-driven conflicts. Besides, the Geneva Conventions promulgated in the year 1949 helped to cool the tension of the World War II. It described the fundamental rights of wartime captives and offered protection for the bordering people and the wounded thereby minimizing the prevalence of the war. Nations also formed treaties to combat global terrorism and enhance peaceful coexistence of the nations. The most notable include the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts and Convention on Offenses and Acts Committed on Board Aircraft (Cassese, 2006). The treaties so far have protected citizens of various countries against acts of terrorism that can trigger incidence s of war. It is an approach borrowed from Kant’s Perpetual Peace framework. Kant also indicated that global peace shall arise if the worldwide community and neighbors respect the sovereignty of other nations. Respecting the independence of other nations, entail respect of the countries institutions and symbols of unity. These include the presidency, the national flag, and the constitutions. In addition, valuing the sovereignty of other nations include observance of the cultural heritage and non-interference.

Video games and aggression Essay Example for Free

Video games and aggression Essay Violent computer games such as ? rst-person shooters (e. g. , ‘‘Counterstrike’’) have repeatedly raised the suspicion of parents, teachers, politicians, and scientists alike. Given the increasingly realistic portrayals of violence and the substantive training of (virtual) aggressive acts in these games rather than the passive observation of violence in movies, many have been alarmed by the wide-spread use of these games [Smith et al. , 2003]. The discussion resembles the previous debate on the effects of passive violence exposure in TV and movies [Bushman and Anderson, 2001], and in line with psychological theories on aggression and based on empirical evidence, similar conclusions have been drawn regarding side effects of violence exposure in computer games: Most authors would conclude that a clear consensus has been reached that a noticeable causal in? uence of playing violent video games on aggressive behavior and dispositions—of young people in particular—exists [Carnagey and Anderson, 2004]. Nevertheless, the number of studies establishing a causal link between aggresr 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. siveness and interactive media such as violent computer games remains relatively small in comparison to studies on passive media exposure. Evidence is particularly scarce with regard to whether latencybased measures of cognition, so-called implicit measures, are useful for detecting any changes in aggressive cognition as a consequence of exposure to video games. Implicit measures may be particularly suited to uncover the processes how playing violent and nonviolent video games affects a player’s automatic cognitions. Implicit dispositions could play a key role in spontaneous and impulsive aggressive tendencies in the short and long run. Conventional wisdom holds that a substantial part of aggressive behavior is carried out in the absence of cognitive ACorrespondence to: Matthias Bluemke, Psychological Institute, University of Heidelberg, Hauptstrasse 47-51, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. E-mail: Matthias. [emailprotected] uni-heidelberg. de Received 15 October 2007; Revised 15 September 2009; Accepted 29 September 2009 Published online 26 October 2009 in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience. wiley. com). DOI: 10. 1002/ab. 20329 2 Bluemke et al. resources or in situations where people lack behavioral control (e. g. , after alcohol consumption). Obviously, aggression does not always re?ect actions in line with one’s conscious reasoning or explicitly endorsed attitude toward aggression and violence. Those dispositions that relate to lesscontrolled aspects of human behavior, rather than deliberate behavior and intended actions, may be addressed by the term ‘‘implicit personality’’ [Banse and Greenwald, 2007; Perugini and Banse, 2007]. The Media Violence Exposure–Aggression Link Psychological theories that predict increases in aggression after (repeated) media violence exposure are plentiful. Not a single psychological theory predicts positive outcomes, neither in the short nor in the long run—except for the catharsis hypothesis which until now suffers from empirical con? rmation [Bushman et al. , 1999]. Among the most important mechanisms for short-term effects are (1) associative priming of existing aggressive beliefs, well-encoded scripts, and angry emotional reactions [Berkowitz, 1993], (2) emotional arousal upon observation of violence and excitation transfer [Zillmann, 1978], and (3) simple mimicry of aggressive scripts [Huesmann and Kirwil, 2007]. Long-term effects are most prominently considered to be a consequence of (1) observational learning of new social scripts [Huesmann, 1988], (2) development of beliefs supporting aggression or hostile schemas that accompany expectations in social interactions [Anderson and Godfrey, 1987; Huesmann and Kirwil, 2007], as well as (3) conditioning of aggression-promoting emotions [Bushman and Huesmann, 2006]. Long-term emotional desensitization to violent scenes may also occur [Carnagey and Anderson, 2004]. Empirical evidence in favor of the aforementioned theories is abundant. As the violent video game debate has had a precursor in the debate on the effects of TV-violence, related evidence on the hypothesized link exists. Longitudinal research on the effects of TV-violence has shown that the amount of viewing TV-violence in childhood predicts young adults’ self- and other-reported aggression much more than childhood aggression predicts young adults’ TV-violence consumption [Huesmann et al., 2003]. Owing to the activity of the gamer, violent computer games may be more harmful than passive exposure to media [Carnagey and Anderson, 2004]: A hostile virtual reality, higher number of violent scenes in the games, symbolically enacting Aggr. Behav. cruelty instead of perceiving it, reinforcement of atrocities, replacement of aggression-inhibiting tendencies—all of these are matter for concern [Gentile and Anderson, 2003]. Based on meta-analyses of several studies, Anderson and Bushman [2001] inferred a substantial causal effect of computer game violence on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognitions and emotions, cardiovascular arousal, as well as on (reduced) helping behavior [Anderson, 2004; Anderson et al. , 2003]. Even if only a small effect existed outside the laboratory, Bayesian logic proves that, due to the high base rate of people consuming large amounts of video game violence, consequences on a societal level would be drastic. In sum, our understanding of the matter has developed to the point where investigating the mediating mechanisms and exploring the moderating variables becomes more important than establishing any effects themselves. This having said, the same does not apply to a relatively new class of theories and measures. So far, few studies in aggression research have dealt with implicit cognition and even fewer have utilized newly developed implicit measures of aggressive dispositions in media violence research. Automatic Aggression-Related Cognitions and Impulsive Aggressiveness Dispositions Beginning with Schneider and Shiffrin [Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977; Shiffrin and Schneider, 1977], the distinction between automatic and controlled processes has become quite common. Huesmann [1988, 1998] applied the distinction between automatic and controlled processing to aggressive behavior [see also Dodge and Crick, 1990]. Also the general aggression model [Anderson and Bushman, 2002] distinguishes thoughtful action from impulsive behavior. The most extensive application of automatic processes to social behavior in general has been laid out in the re?ective–impulsive model (RIM) [see Strack and Deutsch, 2004, for an in-depth discussion]. The model summarizes many ? ndings on human automaticity based on implicit measurement procedures. RIM allows for the mutual in? uence of two cognitive systems in producing human behavior: one associative and one re? ective system, but interconnections between both systems exist. That automatic processes can be held at least partly responsible for the emergence of aggressive behavior is not a new insight [see Todorov and Bargh, 2002, for an overview]. Situational priming of mental constructs in the range of few hundred. The In? uence of Computer Games 3 milliseconds, even below the subliminal threshold, reliably biases people’s perceptions of ambiguous behavior, and it can guide the selection of behavioral options [Berkowitz, 2008; Dodge and Crick, 1990; Zelli et al. , 1995]. Depending on whether the situation activates the concept of rudeness or the concept of politeness, the likelihood to interrupt a conversation partner changes—without mediation by an intentional stance [Bargh et al. , 1996]. What is less obvious from our discussion so far is how each of the re? ective and impulsive pathways can be predicted. All the models allow automatic associations as dispositions to behavior. Based on spreading activation in semantic networks, associations ef? ciently predispose the organism to the spontaneous selection of behavioral scripts. Importantly, behavioral impulses can be at variance with one’s personally endorsed standards, or social norms, and this may be the case even without the person being aware of it. Whether deliberate re? ection or impulses will determine behavior, depends on the cognitive capacity and motivational resources for self-regulation, which themselves might be impaired due to temporal or chronic in?uences [Baumeister et al. , 2000; DeWall et al. , 2007; Fazio and Towles-Schwen, 1999; Muraven and Baumeister, 2000]. With the notion of spreading activation in mind implicit measures have been developed that try to tap into automatic associations in the range of a few hundred milliseconds [Fazio and Olson, 2003]. It was shown that explicit measures, which are based on deliberation and reappraisals, mainly determined behavior under re? ective control, whereas implicit measures predominantly predicted impulsive tendencies and behavior in less-controlled situations [Friese et al., 2008; Hofmann and Friese, 2008; Hofmann et al. , 2008]. The latter ?nding does not contradict the idea that clever explicit measurement procedures can likewise uncover automatic in? uences in a broad sense. Behavior is the product of both types of processes to a sizable extent, and the situation is responsible for moderating their relative impact. The question is whether the idea of associative networks and priming procedures can be exploited in the domain of aggression, as it has been done in other domains, so that assessing interindividual differences in people’s proneness to impulsively aggress becomes feasible. Assuming automatic aggressive dispositions and using implicit measures to detect them is in line with recent calls to integrate neo-associationistic approaches into explanation and prediction of aggression. In doing so, both classic theoretical and newer paradigms are combined [cf. Berkowitz, 2008; Bushman, 1998]. Connecting Implicit Measures, Violent Video Games, and Aggression Research We suggest that implicit measurement techniques1 could be a useful addendum to the agenda of aggression research. In contrast to traditional explicit measures such as questionnaires, implicit measures do not rely on conscious self-report, but on the measurement of hard-to-control spontaneous associations. They typically draw on reactiontimes in categorization tasks within a few hundreds of milliseconds, that is, within the fraction of a second where also automaticity effects can be observed. Implicit measures are considered to be less susceptible to distortion by demand characteristics, social desirability, and other biasing factors such as low levels of introspection [Degner et al., 2006]. Crucially, due to the limited time for responding, information processing in implicit measures differs distinctively from responding to a questionnaire so that both types of measures display their merits, particularly when predicting different kinds of behavior: Dissociations between implicit and explicit measures in predicting impulsive and controlled behavior typically result [Asendorpf et al. , 2002; Hofmann et al. , 2007], and treatments can affect the associative and re? ective level independently [Gawronski and Bodenhausen, 2007]. Heavy players of violent video games may claim to be immune to side effects, and at the re? ective level this may hold, but at the associative level the picture may look quite different. Owing to the nature of the game, impulsive behavior and automatic associations, aside from intentions, could be reinforced in violent computer games. Uhlmann and Swanson [2004] observed exactly such a predicted increase of aggressive cognition after 10 min of playing a violent computer game in the lab, when aggressiveness was measured objectively via response latencies in an Implicit Association Test [IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998]. Other research shows that these IATs are predictors of impulsive aggression which cannot be explained by Throughout the article we stick with the common name ‘‘implicit measures’’ for indirect, latency-based measures. Note that the ideas that the constructs proper reside at an implicit level, or that the associations themselves need to be acquired implicitly, have been given up, and there is no doubt that most measurement procedures cannot be deemed implicit [Blanton et al. , 2006; Fiedler et al. , 2006; Karpinski, 2004]. Aggr. Behav. 1 4 Bluemke et al.self-report and observer ratings [Banse and Fischer, 2002; Gollwitzer et al. , 2007]. As the study by Uhlmann and Swanson [2004] is, to our knowledge, the only published research that investigated the in? uence of violent computer games on cognition as assessed by the IAT, let us describe their main ? ndings. Playing a ? rst-person shooter increased implicit aggressiveness. Despite being convergent with theory, some doubts remain. The lack of a nonplaying control group does not permit a conclusion whether the violent game raised aggressive cognitions or whether the playing control condition caused participants to become more peaceful. Then, Uhlmann and Swanson’s games presumably differed with regard to the elicited physiological arousal and involvement. The nonviolent game (‘‘Mahjongg’’) was a puzzle that differs from the violent game (‘‘Doom’’), a ? rst-person shooter, in terms of excitation, task complexity, competition, and frustration. The missing equivalence prohibits inferring a causal link [Anderson et al. , 2004]. Arousal confounds need not pose a problem for explicit measures of aggression, yet applying speeded-classi? cation tasks after playing arousing games might have affected sorting performance in the IAT. As a consequence, group differences may re?ect blurred measurement, rather than changes in cognition proper. Study Aims We had two aims in mind when planning this study: First, a conceptual replication of Uhlmann and Swanson’s [2004] study seemed in place, while simultaneously controlling for arousal and task differences of the games. Second, given the small number of studies on the causal impact of violent and prosocial electronic games on implicit measures, we wanted to extend the data basis: We expected that playing a violent game should prime aggressive cognitions, whereas playing a peaceful game should prime peaceful cognitions.mouse and ? ring at them with mouse clicks. In the peaceful game participants watered as many sun? owers popping up in the woods at the same rate and pace as the soldiers in the violent condition. An abstract game required the clicking of colored triangles without any meaning attached to these triangles, but with identical timing parameters and reinforcement stakes. This allowed us to examine whether violent content and watering sun? owers distinctively sway associations as compared with a control condition. Finally, nonplaying participants worked on a reading task of a nonarousing newspaper report, constituting a baseline for potential arousal differences due to playing vs. not playing. In line with Uhlmann and Swanson [2004], we predicted that, controlling for pretest differences among participants, the implicit aggressive selfconcept should be highest after ? rst-person shooting, followed by abstract gaming, then by sun? ower watering. Implicit measures should be particularly informative on alterations of associative structures. Associating oneself with violent acts should give rise to aggressive cognitions, whereas associating oneself with peaceful acts should render peaceful associations active. As we kept the virtual environment, the psychomotor task, and the gaming parameters constant, we also expected that the level of physiological arousal among the three game conditions should converge. This circumstance would demonstrate the equality of the game contexts and render explanations of post-treatments effects in terms of plain arousal differences improbable. Sample A sample of 96 students at Heidelberg University of various majors took part in a study on the in?uence of computer games on (unspeci? ed) cognitive performance parameters in exchange for course credit or a chocolate bar. After controlling for high error rates [20% of errors at most in the critical IAT and Single-Target IAT (ST-IAT) blocks; see Greenwald et al. , 1998], 89 participants (68. 5% females) remained in the sample. 2 Mean age amounted to 24. 64 yrs (SD 5 5. 35). Most participants were skilled in computer usage and gaming: Many reported owning a Personal Computer (N 5 86), Sony Playstation (9), Microsoft Xbox (2), or a Nintendo Gameboy (9). Daily computer usage was 2. 53 (SD 5 2. 65) hr on average, and the average weekly consumption of video games 2 METHOD Hypotheses We compared three groups, relative to a control condition, with regard to changes of aggressiveness following violent gaming, nonviolent gaming, or not gaming at all. In the violent game, participants acted as ? rst-person shooters and targeted a virtual weapon at hostile soldiers, popping up in a virtual wood, by moving the hairlines of the gun with the Aggr. Behav. Owing to technical problems, the recording of one participant’s physiological data failed. The In? uence of Computer Games 5 summed up to 5. 16 (SD 5 7. 90) hr. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the four conditions under the constraint of keeping gender proportions across the conditions equal. This resulted in 6–8 males and 14–16 females in each condition. Independent Variable Although the control group encountered a reading task, that is, an article from the German magazine ‘‘DER SPIEGEL’’ which was judged as emotionally neutral, the experimental groups encountered one of three computer games. Irrespective of the speci?c treatment condition, the virtual environment (a forest scene) and the actions (a left-side mouse click of the right hand) were identical (Fig. 1). In the violent game, participants were exposed to a war scenario that required shooting enemy soldiers from a ? rstperson perspective in order to score high. Soldiers returned ? re if they were not eliminated immediately. The goal was to shoot as many enemies as quickly as possible by ? ring at them with mouse clicks (hits), before they ? red back and disappeared, resulting in score losses (misses). The mean rate of soldiers per minute could be determined by the programmer and was kept constant across participants (and conditions), but the program implemented a random component with regard to timing and location of the targets so that players could not routinely counter the attacks. Misses after the fraction of a second resulted in being injured and decreased the score, signaled by a different sound than for hits, which were visually emphasized by blood spills. By contrast, in the peaceful game sun? owers popped up in the same wood in the same speed like the soldiers in the violent game, yet the players’ task was to water the ?owers with their watering can, else they ‘‘died’’ visually due to water shortage. Whenever this happened, a ‘‘sad’’ sound occurred and reminded a participant to water the sun? owers continuously and fast. On success, a player’s score increased, as indicated by a sound of accomplishment. Misses resulted in the same loss of points as in the violent game. Finally, in the abstract game participants removed the colored triangles that popped up in the woods by pinpointing them with a small cursor triangle before clicking the mouse button. Acoustic and visual signals added relevance to hits and misses. Dependent Variables Big ? ve. A German 40-item version of the International Personality Item Pool [IPIP40; Goldberg, 2001; Hartig et al. , 2003] provided a basic description of personality in terms of the ? ve-factor model: extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness [John and Srivastava, 1999]. Both the ? ve-factor structure of the IPIP40 as well as its construct validity have been demonstrated beforehand [Buchanan et al. , 2005]. We used the IPIP40 in order to control for pretest differences among the sub-samples. Internal consistencies of the scales were adequate, Cronbach’s a 5 . 74–. 90. Aggression questionnaire. We administered Buss and Perry’s [1992] 29-item aggression questionnaire [BPAQ; German version by Amelang and Bartussek, 2001] to control for pre-existing group differences and to investigate postexperimental changes of aggressiveness. The German version ? ts the well-validated four-factorial structure: physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility [Herzberg, 2003; von Collani and Werner, 2005]. Reliability of the sub-scales, a 5 .62–. 78 (. 67–. 85), Aggr. Behav. Fig. 1. Screenshots of the violent, peaceful, and abstract game (printed in greyscale). 6 Bluemke et al. and the total scale, a 5 . 85 (. 87), proved adequate (post-test values in brackets). Implicit Association Tests. The computerbased IAT and its derivate, the ST-IAT [Karpinski and Steinman, 2006; Wigboldus et al. , 2004; unpublished], were administered as implicit measures of cognitive antecedents of impulsive aggression, known as the aggressive self-concept [Banse and Fischer, 2002]. In the IAT, the main dependent variable, response latencies, resulted from two sorting tasks that cross the two focal attribute concepts—aggressive and peaceful—with the two target categories, self and other. After 20 practice trials for attributes and targets each, 40 stimuli of both targets and attributes had to be categorized (see Table I; Block 4–7): In one block self1peaceful (and other1aggressive) were mapped to identical response keys, in the other block the category– response-key assignment reversed, self1aggressive (and other1peaceful). Stimuli were randomly drawn from one of the four categories. Both blocks were administered in counterbalanced order across the sample to control for block order effects. The difference between the mean response latencies of the two critical blocks (i. e. , IAT effect), served as an index of the association of the self to the aggressive vs. peaceful pole of the dimension. Typically faster responses for the self1peaceful than for the self1 aggressive block result. Hence, when taking individual block differences of zero milliseconds as a reference point, positive IAT scores indicate a peaceful self-concept and negative IAT scores indicate an aggressive self-concept. Previous studies showed that IATs predicted the amount of violent game playing [Uhlmann and Swanson, 2004], accounted for unique variance in the aggression of ice hockey players as indicated by penalty time-outs [Banse and Fischer, 2002], and detected the impact of a social competence intervention [Gollwitzer et al. , 2007]. Because of the criticism pertaining to the relative nature of the IAT [Blanton et al. , 2006; Fiedler et al. , 2006; Karpinski, 2004], we additionally applied an aggressiveness-ST-IAT that omitted the contrast category other, as it is unclear what exactly testtakers associate to an unspeci?ed IAT category, such as other. The measurement of latencies, the block structure, and the stimuli of the two critical blocks remained the same as in the IAT, yielding one compatible block with self1peaceful on the one key and aggressive separately on the other key, and one incompatible block with self1aggressive (peaceful separate). The simpler task structure usually decreases latencies, but, crucial for the calculation of block difference scores, across both blocks there is Aggr. Behav. always one uncoupled category. For nonrelative target objects, such as the self-concept, an ST-IAT may contain less nuisance variance than an IAT. In our own pilot study, a self-concept ST-IAT re? ected past violent video game exposure better than an attitude-toward-aggression-IAT, probably as a result of range restriction of the true-score variance of participants’ evaluative associations in the latter measure [Bluemke and Zumbach, 2007]. Successful ST-IAT applications have shown that the ST-IAT can do almost as good in psychometric terms as the IAT. Nevertheless, research on this tool is still warranted as the evidence for the usefulness of an aggressiveness-ST-IAT is scarce. We reduced the in?uence of the asymmetric nature of the task by drawing 10 self-related stimuli, 11 stimuli of the coupled category, and 14 stimuli of the unpaired category, resulting in 35 stimuli per critical block and an almost equal number of left-hand and righthand responses [40 vs. 60%; see Table I, Block 1–3; cf. Bluemke and Friese, 2008; Friese et al. , 2007]. 3 The ST-IAT always preceded the IAT so as not to prime the category other before taking the ST-IAT. Irrespective of whether participants encountered the compatible or the incompatible block ? rst, they received the same order of blocks for the post-test. Latencies were treated according to the D5-algorithm regarding the treatment of missing data and error penalties [Greenwald et al. , 2003], resulting in metrics equivalent to z-standardized scores or d-scores. Thus, ST-IAT and IAT effects are expressed in units of an individual’s standard deviation pooled across both (task-speci? c) critical blocks. Individual differences were assessed with boundary reliability, a 5 . 68 (. 64) and . 64 (. 73). Again, to summarize, positive IAT or ST-IAT scores indicate a peaceful self-concept and negative IAT or ST-IAT scores indicate an aggressive self-concept. Physiological arousal parameters. As we wanted to preclude any arousal differences between groups, we assessed heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) as parameters of emotion-related physiological arousal by using the Biopac student lab PRO 3. 6. 7. [e. g. , Carnagey et al. , 2007; Clements and Turpin, 1995; Malmstrom et al. , 1965]. The measurement procedure was divided into six sections. Data were continuously gathered, and aggregates of 30-second intervals were analyzed for each of the following phases: a baseline immediately after 3 The disproportionate number of categories in the ST-IAT prevents that both the number of left and right key-strokes and the number of peaceful and aggressive stimuli in the two critical blocks can be balanced. We chose a solution between both extremes. TABLE I. Structure of ST-IAT and IAT Including (ST-)IAT Items (Translated From German) Block 2 Initial combined task (here: compatible) Others Self Me You Mine Yours I Self They Their Them My Others Self Me You Mine Yours I Self They Their Them My Target-concept discrimination Initial combined task (here: compatible) Reversed target discrimination Block 3 Block 4 Block 5 Block 6 Block 7. Sequence Block 1 Task Attribute discrimination Task instructions Stimuli Aggressive Peaceful Compromise Fight Agree Blow Reconciliation Give in Hurt Revenge Hit Make peace Number of trials 10 aggressive 10 peaceful Aggressive Peaceful1Self Me Fight Agree Mine Blow Self Reconciliation Give in Hurt I Revenge Hit Make peace My Compromise 14 aggressive 11 peaceful 10 self-related 10 self-related 10 other-related 10 10 10 10 Reversed combined task (here: incompatible) Aggressive1Self Peaceful Me Fight Agree Mine Blow Self Reconciliation Give in Hurt I Revenge Hit Make peace My Compromise 11 aggressive 14 peaceful 10 self-related Aggressive1Others Peaceful1Self Me Fight Agree Mine Blow Self Reconciliation Give in Hurt I Revenge Hit Make peace My Compromise 10 aggressive 10 peaceful 10 self-related 10 other-related self-related other-related self-related other-related Reversed combined task (here: incompatible) Aggressive1Self Peaceful1Others Me Fight Agree Mine Blow Self Reconciliation Give in Hurt I Revenge Hit Make peace My Compromise 10 aggressive 10 peaceful The In? uence of Computer Games 7 Note: Within the task instructions, spatial position of the categories indicates the left or right response key. Target and attribute stimuli alternated in critical IAT blocks (here: depiction of an arbitrary sequence of stimuli). Aggr. Behav. 8 Bluemke et al. attaching the electrode (Pre-1), a pre-treatment baseline (Pre-2), a treatment phase subdivided into one early, one mid-term, and one ? nal interval (T1–T3), and a post-treatment phase before the detachment of the electrode (Post). Procedure After entry in the lab, we obtained written informed consent that participants might randomly end up in a violent game condition and stressed that they could opt out at any point in time without giving any reasons. None of the participants used this option, neither in response to the initial information, nor during the course of the experiment. At ? rst, participants reported on socio-demographic variables, and then took a personality questionnaire related to the ? ve-factor model, before they encountered baseline measures of an aggression-speci? c questionnaire, an ST-IAT, and ? nally an IAT. Next, the experimenter attached the devices for measuring HR and SC at the index ? nger of the left hand. Following a short introduction to the randomly chosen game condition, participants played, or read, for a period of only 5 min. Arousal measurement continued until a re-test of the aggressiveness questionnaire was completed, but the devices were detached before we administered the implicit measures a second time. Subsequent to questions on computer usage [derived ? from Krahe and Moller, 2004], the session ended by ? careful debrie? ng of participants. In sum, all phases lasted about 30 min altogether. Z2 5 . 04. Scores of BPAQ subscales likewise did not change (all F-valuesr1. 21). Arousal All groups displayed a typical pattern of initial excitement and habituation (Fig. 2). As expected, when testing the equivalence of games in terms of physiological arousal, according to a 4 (experimental condition) A 6 (time: Pre-1, Pre-2, T1, T2, T3, and Post) analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measurement on the latter factor, no group differences on HR emerged, Fo1 (Z2r. 01). Importantly, there was no interaction between time trends and experimental treatment, Fo1 (Z2r. 03). Running the same analyses on SC as a more sensitive measure of arousal also showed no reliable differences between groups, Fo1 (Z2r. 03), and time trends were not moderated by experimental condition, Fso1 (Z2r. 02). As could be expected, the violent game showed a slight numerical increase in SC (from Pre-2 to T1). We therefore examined each of the six measurement occasions separately. Only at the beginning of the play (T1) did signi? cant variation exist, F(3, 84) 5 5. 04, P 5 . 003, Z2 5 . 15. Post hoc tests according to Tukey (HSD) revealed that the violent game resulted in somewhat higher excitement compared with the abstract game and the reading task (Psr. 01). Importantly, violent and peaceful games did not differ signi? cantly, P 5 . 14. Only 1 min later, the initial startle-like reaction had vanished (Fo1 at T2). Implicit Measures The impact of games was analyzed by a onefactorial ANOVA on change scores between IAT pre- and post-test (Table II). Replicating the ? ndings by Uhlmann and Swanson [2004], type of game signi? cantly in? uenced implicit aggressiveness, F(3, 85) 5 2. 93, P 5 . 04, Z2 5 . 09. 4 Introducing participant sex as a control factor resulted in an interaction between sex and game content, F(3, 81) 5 3. 33, P 5 . 02, Z2 5 . 11. Whereas change scores did not differ as a function of sex, Fo1, the impact of game content became clearer at the same time, F(3, 81) 5 4. 00, P 5 . 01, Z2 5 . 13. The pattern of IAT change scores and the signi? cance of the contrasts between games within sex indicated that the sex by game interaction was particularly driven Introducing Order of Block Compatibility did not change conclusions on the game factor, F(3, 81) 5 2. 92, P 5 . 04, Z2 5 . 10, other Fso1. Also using BPAQ pretreatment scores as covariates in ANCOVA models did not alter the conclusions, though some of the covariates tended to explain small portions of IAT variability, PsZ. 08, Z2sr. 04. 4 RESULTS Explicit measures To preclude any pre-existing group differences, we examined the Big Five personality scores before treatment. According to a multivariate analysis of variance on the IPIP40 scales, participants were comparable F(15, 249)o1, Z2 5 . 04, regardless of the speci? c Big Five scale, Fsr1. 26, PsZ. 30, Z2sr. 04. We also checked whether the random assignment to experimental conditions worked by analyzing trait aggressiveness. As expected, neither before, Fo1 (Z2 5 . 03), nor after the treatment, F(3, 85) 5 1. 36, P 5 . 26, Z2 5 . 05, did substantial group differences in self-reported aggressiveness on the BPAQ total scale exist. Replicating Uhlmann and Swanson’s [2004] ? ndings, trait questionnaires did not respond to video play, according.

Eisenhower Presidency Essay Example for Free

Eisenhower Presidency Essay Republican candidate General Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated as the 34th President of the United States on January 20, 1953, becoming the first Republican in twenty years to be elected as president. President Eisenhower broke tradition by reciting his own prayer after taking the oath instead of kissing the Bible and jumping right into his inaugural speech. When elected for a second term, his inauguration fell on a Sunday (January 20, 1956), so President Eisenhower was sworn in privately by Chief Justice Earl Warren in the East Room of the White House (Eisenhower Public Library and Museum 2012); his public inauguration into office followed the next day. President Eisenhower was 62 years old when he was sworn into office in 1953. Due to the ratification of the 22nd Amendment Eisenhower became the first president to be constitutionally prevented from running for re-election to the office after serving the maximum two terms allowed (Eisenhower Public Library and Museum 2012). President Eisenhower’s ability to perform his role as president came after a long career in the United States Army. In 1911 Dwight D.  Eisenhower entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, NY, graduating in 1915 as a 2nd Lieutenant, going on to serve as a young officer through World War I and World War II moving his way up the chain of command until reaching the rank of five star general after leading the D-Day invasion in 1944, the highest rank an officer can reach in the United States Army. In 1948 General Eisenhower Resigned from the Army (Eisenhower Public Library and Museum 2012). President Eisenhowers military role with world leaders transitioned over into his role as president seamlessly. President Eisenhower’s tenure as the 34th president was full of accomplishments and milestones: ending the Korean War, enduring the Supreme Court rulings on ending segregation, enforcing the rulings, balancing the budget three times in his eight year tenure, Hawaii and Alaska becoming the 49th and 50th States during his presidency, to signing the bill establishing National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), to delivering his Farewell Address to the Nation warning of the â€Å"Military- Industrial Complex† (Eisenhower Public Library and Museum 2012) are only a few of the highlights of Eisenhower’s presidency. No other president before Eisenhower was given the amount of chaos that he contended with in his presidency. â€Å"Eisenhower was confronted with major Cold War crises every year he was in office: Korea, Vietnam, Formosa, Suez, Hungary, Berlin and the U-2. While more than once America seemed on the brink of war and those around him clamored to drop the Bomb, Eisenhower always kept a level head. He dealt calmly and rationally with each situation, always finding a solution that avoided war without diminishing America’s prestige (NPS 2012). He endured and kept our beloved country at peace during his presidency despite the numerous crises’s the country faced. President Eisenhower’s first major accomplishment in the oval office and true to his campaign promise, attempted to end the Korean War. â€Å"In July 1953 after President Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons, an armistice was signed, ending the Korean War. Despite the Korean War, Korea remains divided at the 38th Parallel. President Eisenhower’s leadership style of sincerity, fairness, and optimism helped to comfort the nation after the war (AP 2012). This also called for a demilitarized zone and voluntary repatriation of soldiers in the armistice. In December 1953, President Eisenhower gave â€Å"Atoms For Peace speech† at the United Nations proposing an international atomic energy agency and peaceful development of nuclear energy; thus, making it very clear the power of America’s nuclear arsenal in his first year in office. On July 29, 1957, the United States ratified International Atomic Energy Agency to pool atomic resources for peaceful use as proposed by President Eisenhower in his speech to the United Nations previously (â€Å"US History 2012†). During his first term, President Eisenhower endured the ruling of the Supreme Court in â€Å"Brown Vs. Topeka Board of Education† in 1954 with the Supreme Court ruling segregated schools are â€Å"inherently unequal† and unconstitutional. In 1955, the Supreme Court reaffirmed its stance on principles of school segregation, ordering gradual compliance by local authorities. On September 9, 1957 President Eisenhower signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, the first since the reconstruction amendments over eighty years before (Dwightdeisenhower 2012). On September 27, 1957 President Eisenhower ordered federal troops to the scene of violence at Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce integration of Negro students who had been barred by the National Guard as ordered by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus (Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum 2012). Then â€Å"Nine Negro students entered the high school doors, under Army guard sat thru a full day of classes. The governors of southern states then asked the president to remove the troops, and the president’s reply was: â€Å"his own responsibilities under the Constitution were not subject to negotiation. (Korda, p 698). † Thus, Eisenhower resolved the crisis. This action was the most serious domestic challenge of his presidency. President Eisenhower felt that desegregation should start small like with parks and restaurants also with the Armed Forces then move up steadily until every citizen was equal. Today, we still see areas of racial problems that President Eisenhower faced during his presidency. On several occasions Eisenhower had expressed distaste for racial segregation, though he doubtless believed that the process of integration would take time (Encyclopedia Britannica 2012). † These are only a few of the tremendous milestones that President Eisenhower endured or accomplished during his tenure in the Oval Office. Today we still see the effects of his accomplishments and milestones. Although most do not realize that President Eisenhower was a brilliant man, he had one image, and behind the scenes he was an outstanding leader who could bluff anyone. When President Eisenhower turned over the Oval Office to newly elected John F. Kennedy, Eisenhower let it be known that he would like his title of General of the Army (5 Star General) be restored. This required Congressional legislation; the new president asked a military assistant why Eisenhower would want to give up the title of Mr. President to be called General. The military assistant explained that the military was an integral part of Eisenhower’s life. President Kennedy then understood, created the legislation, and the bill was passed in March 1961(Korda, p. 61-762). † Eisenhower and George Washington were the only two United States President with military service to reenter the Armed Forces after leaving the office of President (Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum 2012). Nine years later at the age of seventy eight, Eisenhower passed away from heart failure, as he was dying Eisenhower gave one last order â€Å"Lower the shades! I want to go. God take me (Korda, p. 723). † Per his wishes General Eisenhower was taken by train from Washington, DC to Abilene, Kanas for burial after his body laid in state at the capital.

The Development Of The Mobile Phone English Language Essay

The Development Of The Mobile Phone English Language Essay A mobile phone is a portable electronic device for communication purposes; it offers the user to carry mobile any where the mobile has network coverage. [1] The development of mobile phone is huge in technology and usage. Mobile phone have made the whole communication comes into our hand and helps user for easy use. There are many firms involved in production of mobile phones, some of the important producers are Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, Blackberry and etc., the following headings discuss about the mobile phone origin, evolution and future of the mobile phone. Origin of Mobile Phone: As of much of last century radio telephony was used what we now refer as mobile phone or cell phone. The first mobile phone was invented in 1973, even though the concept of the cellular networks where understood in 1940s. [1] Telephone a dream invention of human has been easily taken off by the mobile phone. Mobile gives us free to carry anywhere but the landline telephones lacks. Mobile is a modern communication device which can be used for calling a person on other end, SMS, Video calling, browsing and many more applications. Earlier mobile phones will be big and cant be carried in packet and at the same time it wont offers many applications, so a development or improvement of mobile phone is highly needed. And the development came in a very quick time. Mobile Phone Evolution: The first mobile phone was very heavy and too big to carry, but the mobiles have a good growth that they have been now very small and they are up to feather touch. Mobile phone evolution has been very quick because of need of users, mobile development have been very much influenced by their manufactures. The major production of mobiles has been shared between Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, blackberry, apple and etc. The competition between these manufactures makes the mobile phone technology to grow very higher, so mobiles with advanced technology evolved; they were user friendly with many options and applications. More the advanced in mobile technology more they increase in numbers. Due to its mobility, mobile usage has been increasing very much day by day. In next ten years or so the usage of mobile phones will be unavoidable and every individual in the world tries having one for them. Evolution[5] Development of Mobile phone: This can be viewed as mobile generations. There are three generations namely 1G, 2G and 3G. The first generation mobiles are analogue one, second are digital and the third generation mobiles gives us multimedia communication. ITU refers IMT 2000 as definition of 3G. The advanced researechof IMT being studied by ITU which is known as fourth generation. [2] Half the worlds 6.5 billion people now use a mobile (up from Two billion just two years ago).[3] The growth of the mobile also depends on the softwares used in it, at present there are many OS are being employed for development of mobile. A statistics showing the market share of softwares. Symbian OS had a 46.6% share of the smart mobile devices shipped in third quarter of 2008, with Apple having 17.3% (through iPhone OS), RIM having 15.3% and Microsoft having 13.5% (through Windows CE and Windows Mobile) Other competitors include Palm OS, Qualcomms BREW, Google Android, SavaJe, Linux and MontaVista Software. [4] The usage of mobile increased in early 2000, because of decrease in rates of mobile and offers from the network providers and various attracting models Mobile phone usages: At the initial stage mobiles were used only for communication purposes, but later they were improved to provide some applications like games calculator. Further on they were enhanced to support internet (browsing) and many applications which are implemented using internet. Mobile phone along with calling purposes they also used for sending the text messages which is a easier and trustful way of sending messages. SMS is also cheap when compared to calling charges, the below graph shows the SMS usage worldwide from January 2000 to may 2002. Even SMS have played an role among young customers to buy mobiles and so increase in mobile usage. SMS Usage world wide Future mobile phone: Ever since from the invention of the mobile phone, development was very massive. Taking that into consideration the future of mobiles will be a tremendous one. I believe future of the mobile phone can be viewed in two ways i.e. technology and increase in no of users. Already numbers of users of mobile are in millions; in next ten years nearly every individual in developed and developing countries will have mobile phones. [6] Modern mobile phone [7] In the technology side development of mobile will be unimagined, because at present mobiles are changing to touch and GPRS phones. The development will be that the mobile phones can turn into minicomputer with enhanced options and I personally believe instead of touching or pressing buttons in mobiles can be developed wholly to usage of voice signals ie., the mobile can be operated with the help of users voice. So mobile will be more effective and more easy to use. Mobile phone now exits will go through a huge change in the next ten years, they will be advanced with many applications to support. In short mobile be replacing landline phones computers and be a more sophisticated smart phone. I think mobile phone will help the future even to control the satellite and will even help them to gather information about any thing in short we can we can gather information about pin to car. Conclusion: It is clearly evident from our real life that mobile phone is turning into our basic needs, so life without mobile will be hard to imagine. Even its development in the future is also unimaginable; mobile phone will turn into a electronic device that helps a man live his/her everyday life. In future I think according to my research we can control any thing from mobile from car to computer. Bibilograpy: [1] A. Gow, Richard K. Smith Mobile and Wireless Communications: an introduction chapter 3: going mobile [2] International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) Cellular and Broadband Access for the 21st Century Michael H Callendar C.Eng. M.I.E.E (Past Chairman of ITU-R Task Group 8/1) [3] Daniel Miller, mobile phones and developments Department of Anthropology, University College London, 14 Taviton Street, London WC1H 0BW, UK September 2007 [4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbian_OS#cite_ref-4 [5] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_phone_evolution.jpg [6] Jon Agar, Constant Touch: A Brief History of the Mobile Phone [7] http://business2press.com/img/lg-winmo-65-gm730.png

Aristotles Legacy in the Federalist Papers -- Federalist Papers Essay

Aristotle's Legacy in the Federalist Papers While the government of the United States owes its existence to the contents and careful thought behind the Constitution, some attention must be given to the contributions of a series of essays called the Federalist Papers towards this same institution. Espousing the virtues of equal representation, these documents also promote the ideals of competent representation for the populace and were instrumental in addressing opposition to the ratification of the Constitution during the fledgling years of the United States. With further reflection, the Federalists, as these essays are called, may in turn owe their existence, in terms of their intellectual underpinnings, to the writings of the philosopher and teacher, Aristotle. In 1789, the Confederation of the United States, faced with the very real threat of dissolution, found a renewed future with the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. This document created a structure upon which the citizens could build a future free of the unwanted pitfalls and hazards of tyrannies, dictatorship, or monarchies, while securing the best possible prospects for a good life. However, before the establishment of the new United States government, there was a period of dissent over the need for a strong centralized government. Furthermore, there was some belief that the new constitution failed to provide adequate protection for small businessmen and farmers and even less clear protection for fundamental human rights. To counter these and a variety of other arguments, statesmen Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay composed a series of articles that would logically and critically address the grievances of those opposed to the... ...Federalist Papers: The House of Representatives," The New York Packet, No. 52, 1788. 6. Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, "Federalist Papers: Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention," The New York Packet, No. 49, 1788. 7. Aristotle, The Politics, Trans. Benjamin Jowett, Book 3, Part XV. http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/politics.html 8. Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, "Federalist Papers: Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention," The New York Packet, No. 49, 1788. 9. Hamilton, Alexander and James Madison, "Federalist Papers: The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments," The New York Packet, No. 51, 1788.

The Theatre of Orson Welles :: Essays Papers

The Theatre of Orson Welles "I would have been more successful if I'd left movies immediately, stayed in the theater, gone into politics, written, anything†(Cramer). This quote from Orson Welles during an interview in 1982 produces questions about the career of one of the most celebrated filmmakers of the twentieth century. How could the director of Citizen Kane, the movie cherished as the best movie of last century, wished for his life to be void of the cinema? How could he wish to have continued in theater when most of the critical acclaim he experienced in that medium has been long forgotten? Most people do not even realize that Welles was an acclaimed director of theatre before Citizen Kane because Citizen Kane overshadows all of the rest of this genius’ work. Yet, Orson Welles’ theatre is just as important as his filmmaking because in all that he did, Welles exhibited the same artistic tendencies. His theatre was a unique experience and a creative achievement, but it also inspired his later work in films. The theatre of Orson Welles provides significant insight for an understanding of his films and what went wrong with his career in Hollywood. Orson Welles was born on May 6, 1915 to Richard and Beatrice Welles. His father was in the lamp trade, but Orson often referred to him as an inventor, needing to romanticize the role of his father. His mother was a beautiful woman who gave music lessons for a living. Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin, a city settled right next to the great Lake Michigan. Kenosha is an ordinary small Mid-West city, the kind that seems to mock the very idea of aspiration in its occupants. Orson Welles was frightened of being thought of as ordinary and was intensely annoyed with his parents for bringing him into the world in Kenosha, Wisconsin. However, in regards to this idea, Welles states, â€Å"I never blamed my folks for Kenosha- Kenosha has always blamed my folks for me†(Callow 3). Whichever way one looks at it, Welles did not belong in Kenosha with his intense opposite qualities to typical Mid-West life. When Welles was four, his parents moved him to Chicago. Chicago, which was still in the Mid-West, was worlds away from his life in Kenosha.